TABLE 4.
Studies with Results for Medication Adherence and Health-Related Quality of Life
| Author, Year | Medication Adherence | Health-Related Quality of Life | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change from Baseline to Final Follow-up | Difference in Change Between Groupsa | Change from Baseline to Final Follow-up | Difference in Change Between Groupsa | |
| Adepu et al. 200747 | NR | – | ADDQoL score IG: significant improvement (P > , 0.001) CG: nonsignificant changeb | – |
| Adepu and Ari 201046 | Brief medication questionnaire score IG: 0.73 to 0.88 (P > 0.001) CG: 1.11 to 0.67 (P = 0.021) | 0.59b | NR | – |
| Adibe et al. 201345 | NR | – | HUI3 total score IG: 0.61 to 0.86 CG: 0.63 to 0.64 | 0.22b |
| Al Mazroui et al. 200948 | Proportion of nonadherent patientsc IG: 48.3% to 21.4% CG: 49.1% to 32.5% | -10.3%b,d | Improvement in all SF-36 domains in IG, for example: general health score IG: 67.8 to 77.6 CG: 66.6 to 69.2 | 7.2b |
| Ali et al. 201241 | NR | – | SF-36 total score IG: 65.61 to 79.09 (P < 0.001) CG: 70.04 to 66.53 (P = 0.145) DQoL total score IG: 29.81 to 23.48 (P = 0.001) CG: 30.52 to 27.87 (P = 0.323) | 17.63b -3.68b,e |
| Chan et al. 201249 | Proportion of doses taken IG: 73.6% to 96.1% CG: 82.1% to 84.1% | 20.5% (P < 0.001) | NR | – |
| Chung et al. 201450 | Malaysian medication adherence scalef IG: 70.0% to 75.0% CG: 64.5% to 58.7% | 10.8%b | NR | – |
| Cohen et al. 201129 | NR | – | SF-36 scoreNo significant changes in either physical health mental health domains in IG | 3.6b -0.3b |
| Fornos et al. 200665 | Modification of the Morisky-Green questionnaireg IG: 0.6 to 0.2 (P < 0.001) CG: 0.8 to 0.9 (P = 0.195) | -0.5d (P < 0.001) | NR | – |
| Grant et al. 200330 | No. of adherent days out of the past 7 days IG: 6.7 to 6.8 CG: 6.9 to 7.0 | 0.0 (P = 0.8) | NR | – |
| Jaber et al. 199631 | NR | – | Health status questionnaire score No significant changes in any domain within or between IG and CG | – |
| Jarab et al. 201253 | Morisky Medication Adherence Scaleh IG: 74.1% to 28.6% CG: 70.9% to 64.6% | -39.2%b,d | NR | – |
| Kjeldsen et al. 201543 | Three self-reported adherence measures: Behavior-related nonadherence (nonintentional)h IG: 68.3% to NR CG: 61.1% to NR Behavior-related nonadherence (intentional, self-regulation)h IG: 22.5% to NR CG: 26.8% to NR Behavior-related nonadherence (intentional, effect-related)h IG: 19.5% to NR CG: 16.5 % to NR No significant changes within or between IG and CG | – | EQ-5D total score IG: 0.782 to 0.842 CG: 0.812 to 0.815 | 0.057b |
| Krass et al. 200726 | NR | – | EQ-5D score: Utility score IG: 0.8 to 0.8 CG: 0.8 to 0.8 Health state scale score IG: 66.3 to 71.6 CG: 72.2 to 73.3 | -0.02 (P = 0.07) 4.2 (P = 0.02) |
| Mahwi and Obied 201354 | Pill count and Morisky Medication Adherence Scaleh,i IG: 77.4% to 19.0% (P < 0.05) CG: NR | – | NR | – |
| Mehuys et al. 201127 | Prescription refill ratej IG: 99.7% CG: 94.7% Self-reported adherencef,k IG: 59.9% to 61.9% CG:64.2% to 61.0% | 5.2%b | NR | – |
| Odegard et al. | Self-reported adherence (2-question recall technique)l | |||
| 200533 | IG: 56% to NR CG: 35% to NR The intervention had no effect on improving adherence during the study period. CG reported better adherence throughout the study. | – | NR | – |
| Ramanath and Santhosh 201156 | Morisky Medication Adherence Scale IG: significant improvement CG: nonsignificant improvement | – | WHOQOL-BREF total score IG: 39.58 to 43.57 (P < 0.05) CG: 40.78 to 37.38b | 7.39b |
| Scott et al. 200635 | NR | – | DQoL total score IG: 262.0 to 286.4 CG: 232.5 to 247.3 | 9.6b |
| Sriram et al. 201157 | NR | – | ADDQoL total score IG: -2.156 to -1.410 (P < 0.01) CG: -1.899 to -1.974 (P < 0.05) | 0.821b |
| Wishah et al. 201460 | Morisky Medication Adherence Scale score IG: 12.7 to 15.8 CG: 13.6 to 12.9 | 3.8b | NR | – |
aPositive values indicate IG had greater increase; negative values indicate CG had greater increase.
bP value not reported.
cPatients who reported forgetting doses and intentionally missing or taking extra doses were classified as nonadherent.
dNegative values indicate IG had greater increase in medication adherence; positive values indicate CG had greater increase in medication adherence.
eNegative values indicate IG had greater increase in HRQol; positive values indicate CG had greater increase in HRQoL.
fProportion of adherent patients.
gNumber of wrong answers per diabetes medication.
hProportion of nonadherent patients.
iData regarding Morisky Medication Adherence Scale only.
jAdherence during the study course.
kAssessed by asking patients "How often do you not take your oral hypoglycaemic medication as prescribed?"
lProportion of patients having difficulty in remembering to take medications as prescribed.
ADDQoL = audit of diabetes-dependent quality of life; CG = control group; DQoL = diabetes quality of life; EQ-5D = EuroQoL-5 dimension; HUI3 = Health Utilities Index Mark 3; IG = intervention group; NR = not reported; SF-36 = Short Form 36; WHOQOL-BREF = World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF.