TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients in the Inpatient and Outpatient Surgery Cohorts, Stratified by Opioid Use
| Commercial | Medicare | Medicaid | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opioids Postsurgery | No Opioids Postsurgery | Opioids Postsurgery | No Opioids Postsurgery | Opioids Postsurgery | No Opioids Postsurgery | |
| Inpatient surgery cohort, n | 685,592 | 166,757 | 149,717 | 86,716 | 74,001 | 12,122 |
| Mean age (SD) | 43.4 (12.7) | 45.2 (12.9)a | 74.8 (7.0) | 77.8 (7.7)a | 32.1 (12.7) | 36.4 (15.2)a |
| Females, n (%) | 479,627 (70.0) | 102,894 (61.7)a | 76,337 (51.0) | 43,357 (50.0)a | 63,288 (85.5) | 8,771 (72.4)a |
| Mean DCI (SD) | 0.49 (1.14) | 0.52 (1.15)a | 1.45 (1.79) | 1.55 (1.81)a | 0.47 (1.17) | 0.61 (1.36)a |
| Selected comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Chronic pain | 236,539 (34.5) | 44,742 (26.8)a | 89,018 (59.5) | 39,287 (45.3)a | 22,834 (30.9) | 2,908 (24.0)a |
| Cardiovascular diseaseb | 201,505 (29.4) | 55,387 (33.2)a | 113,768 (76.0) | 66,936 (77.2)a | 15,997 (21.6) | 3,458 (28.5)a |
| Psychological comorbidities | 85,184 (12.4) | 16,025 (9.6)a | 14,153 (9.5) | 8,064 (9.3) | 16,381 (22.1) | 2,484 (20.5)a |
| Sleep apnea/other sleep disorders | 56,304 (8.2) | 11,016 (6.6)a | 13,785 (9.2) | 6,140 (7.1)a | 3,953 (5.3) | 614 (5.1) |
| Pulmonary disease | 47,933 (7.0) | 11,009 (6.6)a | 22,185 (14.8) | 12,800 (14.8) | 10,094 (13.6) | 1,534 (12.7)c |
| Outpatient surgery cohort, n | 1,633,722 | 543,969 | 282,702 | 377,186 | 75,454 | 17,183 |
| Mean age (SD) | 45.5 (12.4) | 49.5 (11.6)a | 74.3 (6.8) | 76.4 (7.1)a | 36.6 (13.5) | 44.2 (16.7)a |
| Females, n (%) | 935,950 (57.3) | 310,776 (57.1%)c | 145,631 (51.5) | 207,077 (54.9)a | 56,804 (75.3) | 11,222 (65.3)a |
| Mean DCI (SD) | 0.36 (0.92) | 0.42 (0.98)a | 1.29 (1.69) | 1.15 (1.57)a | 0.46 (1.13) | 0.69 (1.34)a |
| Selected comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Chronic pain | 738,383 (45.2) | 179,754 (33.0)a | 143,160 (50.6) | 140,512 (37.3)a | 25,767 (34.2) | 4,400 (25.6)a |
| Cardiovascular diseaseb | 444,811 (27.2) | 161,704 (29.7)a | 202,785 (71.7) | 263,173 (69.8)a | 19,554 (25.9) | 6,418 (37.4)a |
| Psychological comorbidities | 216,377 (13.2) | 56,518 (10.4)a | 25,782 (9.1) | 29,828 (7.9)a | 18,841 (25.0) | 3,662 (21.3)a |
| Sleep apnea/other sleep disorders | 140,188 (8.6) | 36,616 (6.7)a | 25,879 (9.2) | 24,996 (6.6)a | 5,398 (7.2) | 995 (5.8)a |
| Pulmonary disease | 111,321 (6.8) | 32,435 (6.0)a | 38,738 (13.7) | 45,258 (12.0)a | 8,947 (11.9) | 1,947 (11.3) |
aP < 0.001; all comparisons for opioid vs. no opioid use after surgery.
bDoes not include heart failure.
cP < 0.05.
DCI = Deyo Charlson Comorbidity Index; SD = standard deviation.