TABLE 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Sample
| Characteristics | Overall Sample (N = 1,407) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at index date (years) | |||||
| Mean | 55.2 | ||||
| SD | 9.3 | ||||
| Median | 56.0 | ||||
| Gender (n, %) | |||||
| Male | 777 | 55.2 | |||
| Female | 630 | 44.8 | |||
| U.S. census region (n, %) | |||||
| Northeast | 737 | 52.4 | |||
| Midwest | 297 | 21.1 | |||
| South | 293 | 20.8 | |||
| West | 80 | 5.7 | |||
| Health plan type (n, %) | |||||
| Consumer-directed health plan | 4 | 0.3 | |||
| Health maintenance organization | 266 | 18.9 | |||
| Indemnity | 68 | 4.8 | |||
| Point-of-service | 47 | 3.3 | |||
| Preferred provider organization | 1,022 | 72.6 | |||
| Primary payer type (n, %) | |||||
| Commercial | 660 | 46.9 | |||
| Medicaid | 1 | 0.1 | |||
| Medicare Risk | 18 | 1.3 | |||
| Self-insured | 728 | 51.7 | |||
| Physician specialty at index (n, %) | |||||
| General practice/family practice | 442 | 31.4 | |||
| Internal medicine | 344 | 24.4 | |||
| Endocrinology | 37 | 2.6 | |||
| Other | 481 | 34.2 | |||
| Unknown | 103 | 7.3 | |||
| CCI score (excluding T1DM and T2DM) | |||||
| Mean | 0.3 | ||||
| SD | 0.7 | ||||
| Median | 0.0 | ||||
| Adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index score | |||||
| Mean | 0.4 | ||||
| SD | 0.9 | ||||
| Median | 0.0 | ||||
| Comorbidities of interest (n, %)a | |||||
| Dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia | 877 | 62.3 | |||
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 144 | 10.2 | |||
| Hypertension | 853 | 60.6 | |||
| Obesity | 202 | 14.4 | |||
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 170 | 12.1 | |||
| Prediabetes | 382 | 27.1 | |||
| Sleep apnea | 179 | 12.7 | |||
| Concomitant medications (n, %) | |||||
| Antihypertensive medications | 772 | 54.9 | |||
| Lipid-lowering therapy | 744 | 52.9 | |||
| Other cardiovascular medications | 128 | 9.1 | |||
| Sedatives, hypnotics | 115 | 8.2 | |||
| Antibiotics | 440 | 31.3 | |||
| NSAIDs | 227 | 16.1 | |||
| Neuropathy treatment | 326 | 23.2 | |||
| Anti-obesity | 5 | 0.4 | |||
| Number of pre-index antidiabetic classes used | |||||
| Mean | 0.7 | ||||
| SD | 1.0 | ||||
| Median | 0.0 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Mean | 35.0 | ||||
| SD | 6.7 | ||||
| Median | 34.2 | ||||
| Weight (kg) | |||||
| Mean | 102.2 | ||||
| SD | 22.9 | ||||
| Median | 99.7 | ||||
| A1c (%) | |||||
| Mean | 7.4 | ||||
| SD | 1.6 | ||||
| Median | 6.9 | ||||
| A1c, n (%) | |||||
| < 6.0% | 112 | 8.0 | |||
| 6.0%-6.9% | 611 | 43.4 | |||
| 7.0%-7.9% | 378 | 26.9 | |||
| 8.0%-9.0% | 135 | 9.6 | |||
| > 9.0% | 171 | 12.2 | |||
aList of comorbidities: anorexia; asthma; cachexia; chronic kidney disease and related renal conditions; chronic nonalcoholic liver disease (includes nonalcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis); congestive heart failure; connective tissue/rheumatic disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cushing syndrome; depression; diabetes with other coma; dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia; dyspepsia; epilepsy; gallbladder disease; gastroesophageal reflux disease; human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; hypertension; hypoglycemia; inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis); liver disease; metabolic syndrome; myocardial infarction; nutritional deficiencies (except for vitamin deficiency); obesity; obesity hypoventilation syndrome; obstructive sleep apnea; osteoarthritis; osteoporosis; peptic ulcer; pneumonia; Prader-Willi syndrome; prediabetes; renal disease; severe psychiatric disorder (schizophrenia, other psychotic disorder, or bipolar disorder); sleep apnea; and stroke.
A1c = hemoglobin A1c; BMI = body mass index; CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SD = standard deviation; T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.