Type and Timing	Predictors and Relevant ICD-9-CM or CPT-4 Codes
Baseline
Demographic	Age, gender, region, number of days continuously enrolled in health plan: measured in enrollment file Median household income, percentage black, percentage high school graduate: measured at patient’s ZIP code level using the linked 2010 U.S. census file
Clinical	Comorbidity score,a comorbidities: Coronary artery disease (CAD): 410.x-414.x, 429.2, V45.81; diabetes: 250.x; COPD/asthma: 490-493; hypertension: 401.x-405.x, 437.2; hyperlipidemia: 272; congestive heart failure (CHF): 428.x, 398.91, 402.01, 402.11, 402.91, 404.01, 404.11, 404.91, 404.03, 404.13, 404.93; stroke: 433.x1, 434.x1, 435.x, 436, 437.1x, 437.9x, 438.x; depression: 311, 296.2, 296.3, 300.4, 301.12, 309.1; liver disease: 570-573, 456-456.21; kidney disease: 582, 583, 585, 586, 587, 250.4, 250.40, 250.41, 250.42, 250.43, 403.xx, 404.xx, 585.6; dementia: 290.0x-290.9x, 294.1x, 294.9x, 330.x, 331.x; peripheral vascular disease: 433.9, 433.90, and 433.91, 433.30, 433.31, 433.8, 433.80, 433.81; osteoporosis: 733; angina: ICD-9-CM procedure code 36.06 or 36.07 or CPT-4 code 392980, 92981; atrial fibrillation: 427.31; chest pain: 786.5; cancer: 140.x-195.x, 196.x-198.x, 199.x, 200.x-208.x, 230.x-234.x, 235.x-238.x, 239.x; coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): ICD-9-CM procedure: 36.1x, 36.2x or CPT-4 code: 33510-33545; percutaneous intervention (PCI): ICD-9-CM procedure code 00.66, 36.01, 36.02, 36.05, 36.06, 36.07, 36.09 or CPT-4 code 92973, 92980, 92981, 92982, 92984, 92995, 92996; allergic reaction: 995.0, 995.2, 995.3, 708.0, 708.9, 695.1, 995.1: measured in medical claims using ICD-9-CM codes unless otherwise specified
Index medication	Combination agent by generic name, month of initiation, copayment, brand name medication, number of unique drugs filled on index date, sum of copayments for all drugs on the index date, formulary medication indicator, mail order use: measured in pharmacy claims
Health resource utilization	Number of ER visits, number of days hospitalized, number of office visits, mammogram/PSA: CPT-4 code: 76082, 76083, 76092, G0202, G0203, G0103, 84153, 84152-84154; lab test: CPT-4 code: 80061, 83700, 83701, 83704, 83721, 83036, 83037: measured in medical claims using ICD-9-CM codes unless otherwise specified Number of unique drugs by generic name, number of unique pharmacies by pharmacy ID, number of filling ZIP codes (distinct ZIP codes that pharmacies were used in), med synchronicity (number of distinct days that medications were filled), number of chronic drugs filled, number of previous 90-day fills: measured in pharmacy claims Flu shot: measured in pharmacy or medical claims using procedure codes
Medication use/adherence	Chronic medication use (defined by filling ≥ 1 medication from 1 of 25 different chronic medication classes; prior adherence to chronic medications (as measured by proportion of days covered in the baseline period)b: measured in pharmacy claims
Days 1-30 after initiation
Clinical (new events)c	CAD: 410.x-414.x, 429.2, V45.81; diabetes: 250.x; COPD/asthma: 490-493; hypertension: 401.x-405.x, 437.2; hyperlipidemia: 272; CHF; 428.x, 398.91, 402.01, 402.11, 402.91, 404.01, 404.11, 404.91, 404.03, 404.13, 404.93; stroke: 433.x1, 434.x1, 435.x, 436, 437.1x, 437.9x, 438.x; depression: 311, 296.2, 296.3, 300.4, 301.12, 309.1; liver disease: 570-573, 456-456.21; kidney disease: 582, 583, 585, 586, 587, 250.4, 250.40, 250.41, 250.42, 250.43, 403.xx, 404.xx, 585.6; dementia: 290.0x-290.9x, 294.1x, 294.9x, 330.x, 331.x; peripheral vascular disease: 433.9, 433.90, and 433.91, 433.30, 433.31, 433.8, 433.80, 433.81; osteoporosis: 733; angina: ICD-9-CM procedure code 36.06 or 36.07 or CPT-4 code 392980, 92981; atrial fibrillation: 427.31; chest pain: 786.5; cancer: 140.x-195.x, 196.x-198.x, 199.x, 200.x-208.x, 230.x-234.x, 235.x-238.x, 239.x; CABG: ICD-9-CM procedure: 36.1x, 36.2x or CPT-4 code: 33510-33545; PCI: ICD-9-CM procedure code 00.66, 36.01, 36.02, 36.05, 36.06, 36.07, 36.09 or CPT-4 code 92973, 92980, 92981, 92982, 92984, 92995, 92996; allergic reaction: 995.0, 995.2, 995.3,708.0, 708.9, 695.1, 995.1; measured in medical claims using ICD-9-CM codes unless otherwise specified
Health resource utilization	ER visit, number of days hospitalized, number of office visits, mammogram/PSA: CPT-4 code 76082, 76083, 76092, G0202, G0203, G0103, 84153, 84152–84154; lab test: CPT-4 code 80061, 83700, 83701, 83704, 83721, 83036, 83037; visit to same provider as prescribed the initiated medication: measured in medical claims Number of unique drugs by generic name, filling at ≥ 2 distinct pharmacies by pharmacy ID, number of filling ZIP codes (distinct ZIP codes that pharmacies were used in), med synchronicity (number of distinct days that medications were filled), number of chronic drugs filled, number of previous 90-day fills, visit to same pharmacy as where the initiated medication was filled: measured in pharmacy claims Flu shot: measured in pharmacy or medical claims using procedure codes
Medication use/adherence	Chronic medication use (defined by filling ≥ 1 medication from 1 of 25 different chronic medication classes; prior adherence to chronic medications (as measured by proportion of days covered in the baseline period)c: measured in pharmacy claims
Days 1-120 after initiation
Clinical (new events)c	CAD: 410.x-414.x, 429.2, V45.81; diabetes: 250.x; COPD/asthma: 490-493; hypertension: 401.x-405.x, 437.2; hyperlipidemia: 272; CHF: 428.x, 398.91, 402.01, 402.11, 402.91, 404.01, 404.11, 404.91, 404.03, 404.13, 404.93; stroke: 433.x1, 434.x1, 435.x, 436, 437.1x, 437.9x, 438.x; depression: 311, 296.2, 296.3, 300.4, 301.12, 309.1; liver disease: 570-573, 456-456.21; kidney disease: 582, 583, 585, 586, 587, 250.4, 250.40, 250.41, 250.42, 250.43, 403.xx, 404.xx, 585.6; dementia: 290.0x-290.9x, 294.1x, 294.9x, 330.x, 331.x; peripheral vascular disease: 433.9, 433.90, and 433.91, 433.30, 433.31, 433.8, 433.80, 433.81; osteoporosis: 733; angina: ICD-9-CM procedure code 36.06 or 36.07 or CPT-4 code 392980, 92981; atrial fibrillation: 427.31; chest pain: 786.5; cancer: 140.x-195.x, 196.x-198.x, 199.x, 200.x-208.x, 230.x-234.x, 235.x-238.x, 239.x; CABG: ICD-9-CM procedure: 36.1x, 36.2x or CPT-4 code: 33510-33545; PCI: ICD-9-CM procedure code 00.66, 36.01, 36.02, 36.05, 36.06, 36.07, 36.09 or CPT-4 code 92973, 92980, 92981, 92982, 92984, 92995, 92996; allergic reaction: 995.0, 995.2, 995.3,708.0, 708.9, 695.1, 995.1: measured in medical claims using ICD-9-CM codes unless otherwise specified
Health resource utilization	ER visit, number of days hospitalized, number of office visits, mammogram/PSA: CPT-4 code 76082, 76083, 76092, G0202, G0203, G0103, 84153, 84152-84154; lab test: CPT-4 code 80061, 83700, 83701, 83704, 83721, 83036, 83037; visit to same provider as prescribed the initiated medication: measured in medical claims Number of unique drugs by generic name, filling at ≥ 2 distinct pharmacies by pharmacy ID, number of filling ZIP codes (distinct ZIP codes that pharmacies were used in), med synchronicity (number of distinct days that medications were filled), number of chronic drugs filled, number of previous 90-day fills, visit to same pharmacy as where the initiated medication was filled: measured in pharmacy claims Flu shot: measured in pharmacy or medical claims using procedure codes
Medication use/adherence	Chronic medication use (defined by filling ≥ 1 medication from 1 of 25 different chronic medication classes; prior adherence to chronic medications (as measured by proportion of days covered in the baseline period)c; indicator of refilling the study medication: measured in pharmacy claims
Days 91-120 after initiation
Indicator of adherence to initiated medication	Optimal adherence (defined by PDC ≥ 0.8) in month 4 (days 91-120): measured in pharmacy claims

^aGagne JJ, et al. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:749-59.

^bUsed as interaction variable with the chronic medication use indicator.

^cDefined by not being observed during the patient’s entire baseline period of eligibility.

COPD =chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPT-4 = Current Procedural Terminology, 4th Edition; ER = emergency room; ICD-9-CM = International Classification of

Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; PDC=proportion of days covered; PSA = prostate specific antigen test.