TABLE 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Study Patients
| Non-UQ Cohort (n = 642,805) | UQ Cohort (n = 214,268) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 42.3 (12.4) | 45.90 (12.7) | < 0.001 |
| Age group, years, n (%) | |||
| 18-34 | 178,092 (27.7) | 42,679 (19.9) | < 0.001 |
| 35-49 | 272,881 (42.5) | 84,780 (39.6) | |
| 50+ | 191,832 (29.8) | 86,809 (40.5) | |
| Female, n (%) | 531,370 (82.7) | 181,431 (84.7) | < 0.001 |
| Region, n (%) | |||
| Northeast | 107,939 (16.8) | 33,642 (15.7) | < 0.001 |
| North Central | 148,917 (23.2) | 52,178 (24.4) | |
| South | 250,114 (38.9) | 83,095 (38.8) | |
| West | 125,916 (19.6) | 42,272 (19.7) | |
| Unknown | 9,919 (1.5) | 3,081 (1.4) | |
| Commercial, n (%) | 624,902 (97.2) | 201,559 (94.1) | < 0.001 |
| Capitation, n (%) | 113,198 (17.6) | 34,723 (16.2) | < 0.001 |
| DCI, mean (SD) | 0.16 (0.45) | 0.61 (1.01) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | |||
| Anxiety | 61,823 (9.6) | 43,162 (20.1) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma | 37,829 (5.9) | 31,689 (14.8) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 14,772 (2.3) | 22,262 (10.4) | < 0.001 |
| Depression | 76,209 (11.9) | 62,880 (29.3) | < 0.001 |
| Epilepsy | 6,793 (1.1) | 8,967 (41.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 105,051 (16.3) | 75,878 (35.4) | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 262 (0.04) | 2,104 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Osteoarthritis | 42,803 (6.7) | 55,038 (25.7) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic pain | 117,544 (18.3) | 99,658 (46.5) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 6,654 (1.0) | 13,040 (6.1) | < 0.001 |
| Medication use, n (%) | |||
| Prophylactic medication only | 26,627 (4.1) | 6,301 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Acute medication only | 371,539 (57.8) | 113,355 (52.9) | |
| Prophylactic and acute medication | 130,384 (20.3) | 65,589 (30.6) | |
| Neither prophylactic nor acute medication | 114,255 (17.8) | 29,023 (13.6) | |
| Proxy severity measures, n (%) | |||
| ≥ 2 migraine-related ER visits | 3,031 (0.5) | 4,640 (2.2) | < 0.001 |
| Neurologist visits | 121,667 (18.9) | 64,244 (30.0) | < 0.001 |
| Number of triptan claims, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 273,458 (42.5) | 113,582 (53.0) | < 0.001 |
| 1-3 | 256,759 (39.9) | 64,300 (30.0) | |
| 4-6 | 58,169 (9.1) | 16,008 (7.5) | |
| 7+ | 54,419 (8.5) | 20,378 (9.5) | |
| Number of opioid claims, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 398,448 (62.0) | 78,353 (36.6) | < 0.001 |
| 1-2 | 151,702 (23.6) | 52,189 (24.4) | |
| 3-6 | 50,712 (7.9) | 32,242 (15.1) | |
| 7+ | 41,943 (6.5) | 51,484 (24.0) | |
DCI = Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index; ER = emergency room; SD = standard deviation; UQ = upper quartile of cost.