TABLE 2.
Adjusted Odds Ratio for Factors Associated with Upper Quartile of All-Cause Costsa
| Effect | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Age 35-49 vs. age 18-34 | 1.01 (0.99-1.02) |
| Age 50+ vs. age 18-34 | 1.07 (1.05-1.09) |
| Male vs. female | 0.81 (0.79-0.82) |
| Northeast vs. unknown | 1.28 (1.22-1.35) |
| North Central vs. unknown | 1.44 (1.37-1.51) |
| South vs. unknown | 1.30 (1.24-1.37) |
| West vs. unknown | 1.45 (1.38-1.52) |
| Commercial vs. Medicare | 1.24 (1.20-1.28) |
| Capitation | 1.02 (0.99-1.03) |
| DCI | 1.79 (1.77-1.81) |
| Anxiety | 1.40 (1.38-1.42) |
| Asthma | 1.33 (1.30-1.36) |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 3.04 (2.96-3.12) |
| Depression | 2.05 (2.02-2.08) |
| Epilepsy | 2.59 (2.49-2.69) |
| Hypertension | 1.58 (1.56-1.60) |
| Myocardial infarction | 7.31 (6.34-8.42) |
| Osteoarthritis | 2.55 (2.50-2.59) |
| Chronic pain | 2.17 (2.14-2.20) |
| Stroke | 2.01 (1.93-2.08) |
| Prophylactic medication only vs. none | 0.90 (0.87-0.93) |
| Acute medication only vs. none | 0.87 (0.85-0.90) |
| Prophylactic and acute medication vs. none | 1.09 (1.06-1.11) |
| ≥ 2 migraine-related ER visits | 2.13 (2.02-2.25) |
| Neurologist visits | 1.33 (1.31-1.35) |
| 1-3 vs. 0 triptan claims | 0.81 (0.80-0.83) |
| 4-6 vs. 0 triptan claims | 0.91 (0.89-0.93) |
| 7+ vs. 0 triptan claims | 1.17 (1.14-1.19) |
| 1-2 vs. 0 opioid claims | 1.51 (1.49-1.54) |
| 3-6 vs. 0 opioid claims | 2.12 (2.08-2.17) |
| 7+ vs. 0 opioid claims | 2.97 (2.92-3.03) |
aAdjusted for patient age, gender, plan type, geographic region, DCI, baseline comorbidities and medications of interests, and other clinical characteristics.
CI = confidence interval; DCI = Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index; ER = emergency room; OR = odds ratio.