TABLE 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
| Rivaroxaban Cohort (n = 13,645) | Apixaban Cohort (n = 6,304) | Dabigatran Cohort (n = 3,360) | Warfarin Cohort (n = 13,366) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observation period,a days, mean ± SD [median] | 493 ± 190 [467] | 423 ± 161 [391] | 548 ± 202 [547] | 544 ± 201 [536] |
| Demographicsb | ||||
| Age, years, mean ± SD [median] | 63.1 ± 10.0 [62] | 64.2 ± 9.9 [63] | 62.9 ± 9.6 [62] | 66.1 ± 11.0 [64] |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 4,264 (31.2) | 2,049 (32.5) | 1,000 (29.8) | 4,615 (34.5) |
| Region,b n (%) | ||||
| South | 5,149 (37.7) | 2,882 (45.7) | 1,237 (36.8) | 3,454 (25.8) |
| West | 863 (6.3) | 381 (6.0) | 243 (7.2) | 1,391 (10.4) |
| Northeast | 3,837 (28.1) | 1,303 (20.7) | 980 (29.2) | 3,976 (29.7) |
| Midwest | 3,796 (27.8) | 1,738 (27.6) | 900 (26.8) | 4,545 (34.0) |
| Insurance type,b n (%) | ||||
| PPO | 10,645 (78.0) | 5,115 (81.1) | 2,569 (76.5) | 9,219 (69.0) |
| HMO | 1,551 (11.4) | 568 (9.0) | 402 (12.0) | 2,421 (18.1) |
| Indemnity/traditional | 660 (4.8) | 295 (4.7) | 159 (4.7) | 899 (6.7) |
| POS | 499 (3.7) | 184 (2.9) | 161 (4.8) | 536 (4.0) |
| CDHP | 90 (0.7) | 36 (0.6) | 17 (0.5) | 68 (0.5) |
| HSA | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) |
| Unknown | 198 (1.5) | 106 (1.7) | 51 (1.5) | 222 (1.7) |
| Comorbidity index scores,c mean ± SD [median] | ||||
| Quan-Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.48 ± 1.68 [1] | 1.58 ± 1.72 [1] | 1.40 ± 1.56 [1] | 2.04 ± 2.08 [1] |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 2.35 ± 1.40 [2] | 2.48 ± 1.39 [2] | 2.29 ± 1.38 [2] | 2.77 ± 1.51 [3] |
| HAS-BLED score | 1.53 ± 1.05 [1] | 1.62 ± 1.03 [2] | 1.50 ± 1.00 [1] | 1.79 ± 1.15 [2] |
| Comorbidityc | ||||
| VTE | 976 (7.2) | 180 (2.9) | 66 (2.0) | 1,434 (10.7) |
| THA/TKA | 305 (2.2) | 96 (1.5) | 54 (1.6) | 288 (2.2) |
| Baseline medicationc | ||||
| Number of different drug classes | 6.81 ± 4.06 [6] | 7.39 ± 4.10 [7] | 6.59 ± 4.05 [6] | 6.59 ± 4.20 [6] |
| Baseline use of oral anticoagulant | ||||
| Any oral anticoagulant | 3,950 (28.9) | 2,083 (33.0) | 644 (19.2) | 1,004 (7.5) |
| Warfarin | 2,877 (21.1) | 1,230 (19.5) | 539 (16.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Rivaroxaban | 0 (0.0) | 446 (7.1) | 103 (3.1) | 515 (3.9) |
| Dabigatran | 1,063 (7.8) | 481 (7.6) | 0 (0.0) | 439 (3.3) |
| Apixaban | 86 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (0.4) | 95 (0.7) |
| Edoxaban | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Baseline resource utilization,c mean ± SD [median] | ||||
| Hospitalizations | 0.45 ± 0.66 [0] | 0.42 ± 0.65 [0] | 0.39 ± 0.61 [0] | 0.55 ± 0.75 [0] |
| Hospital days | 2.96 ± 9.58 [0] | 2.52 ± 8.19 [0] | 2.22 ± 7.86 [0] | 6.20 ± 16.56 [0] |
| ER visits | 0.42 ± 0.92 [0] | 0.46 ± 1.14 [0] | 0.38 ± 0.96 [0] | 0.46 ± 1.11 [0] |
| Outpatient visits | 11.31 ± 10.59 [9] | 12.16 ± 11.00 [9] | 10.37 ± 9.58 [8] | 13.24 ± 13.32 [10] |
| Baseline health care cost,c $US 2015, mean ± SD | ||||
| Total health care cost | 15,587 ± 42,340 | 15,623 ± 33,304 | 12,661 ± 28,618 | 32,451 ± 179,458 |
| Hospitalizations | 8,871 ± 39,020 | 7,623 ± 26,864 | 6,893 ± 25,459 | 24,073 ± 151,960 |
| ER visits | 387 ± 2,906 | 392 ± 1,769 | 328 ± 2,177 | 1,034 ± 72,948 |
| Outpatient visits | 4,856 ± 12,109 | 6,022 ± 17,082 | 4,116 ± 10,351 | 5,942 ± 27,004 |
| Pharmacy | 1,472 ± 3,373 | 1,585 ± 2,868 | 1,321 ± 3,067 | 1,400 ± 4,823 |
| Index medication copayment,b $US 2015, mean ± SD [median] | 40.32 ± 52.76 [32] | 46.06 ± 52.95 [41] | 42.89 ± 51.64 [36] | 6.10 ± 10.31 [4] |
| Comorbidities, substance abuse, stress and social risk factors associated with nonadherence, n (%)c,d | ||||
| 0 | 8,195 (60.1) | 3,774 (59.9) | 2,040 (60.7) | 8,188 (61.3) |
| 1 | 3,956 (29.0) | 1,926 (30.6) | 960 (28.6) | 3,896 (29.1) |
| ≥ 2 | 1,494 (10.9) | 604 (9.6) | 360 (10.7) | 1,282 (9.6) |
| Frequent risk factors,c,e n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 9,694 (71.0) | 4,736 (75.1) | 2,423 (72.1) | 9,453 (70.7) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 7,671 (56.2) | 3,781 (60.0) | 1,889 (56.2) | 7,134 (53.4) |
| Frequent risk factors,c,e n (%) | ||||
| Coronary heart disease | 4,420 (32.4) | 2,328 (36.9) | 1,048 (31.2) | 5,124 (38.3) |
| Diabetes | 3,743 (27.4) | 1,795 (28.5) | 987 (29.4) | 4,130 (30.9) |
| Heart failure | 2,725 (20.0) | 1,320 (20.9) | 639 (19.0) | 3,727 (27.9) |
aThe observation (follow-up) period spanned from index date up to end of data availability, a curative procedure, or end of insurance coverage.
bEvaluated at index date.
cEvaluated during 6-month baseline period.
dIncludes mental disorders, substance abuse, rheumatoid arthritis, isolation, stress, and being in a nursing home.
eOnly risk factors with a proportion of patients over 20% are shown.
CDHP = consumer-directed health care; ER = emergency room; HMO = health maintenance organization; HSA = health savings account; POS = point of service; PPO = preferred provider organization; SD=standard deviation; THA = total hip replacement; TKA = total knee replacement; VTE = venous thromboembolism.