| Variable | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Cohort | |
| Rivaroxaban cohort | Reference |
| Apixaban cohort | 0.72 (0.67-0.78)b |
| Dabigatran cohort | 0.60 (0.55-0.65)b |
| Warfarin cohort | 0.50 (0.47-0.53)b |
| Demographicsc | |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 1.13 (1.05-1.22)b |
| Female | 0.93 (0.88-0.98)b |
| Regionc | |
| South | Reference |
| Midwest | 1.22 (1.15-1.30)b |
| Northest | 1.11 (1.04-1.19)b |
| West | 1.10 (1.00-1.21)b |
| Insurance planc | |
| PPO | Reference |
| CDHP | 1.16 (0.85-1.60) |
| HMO | 0.97 (0.90-1.04) |
| HAS | 1.29 (0.13-12.75) |
| Indemnity/traditional | 1.08 (0.97-1.20) |
| POS | 0.99 (0.88-1.13) |
| Unknown | 1.28 (1.05-1.57)b |
| Comorbidity index scoresd | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | |
| 0 | Reference |
| 1 | 1.00 (0.93-1.07) |
| ≥ 2 | 1.09 (1.00-1.18)b |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | |
| 0 | Reference |
| 1 | 1.17 (1.04-1.31)b |
| ≥ 2 | 1.33 (1.15-1.54)b |
| HAS-BLED score | |
| 0 | Reference |
| 1 | 0.99 (0.88-1.11) |
| ≥ 2 | 0.99 (0.85-1.16) |
| Comorbidityd | |
| VTE | 1.05 (0.95-1.15) |
| THA/TKA | 0.76 (0.64-0.89)b |
| Baseline medicationd | |
| Any oral anticoagulant at baseline | 1.37 (1.28-1.46)b |
| Number of different drug classes at baseline | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) |
| Total baseline health care cost, $US 2015d | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) |
| Index medication copayment, $US 2015c | 1.01 (1.00-1.01) |
| Comorbidities, substance abuse, stress, and social risk factors associated with nonadherenced,e | |
| 0 | Reference |
| 1 | 0.99 (0.93-1.05) |
| ≥ 2 | 0.88 (0.72-1.07) |
| Risk factors for stroked,f | |
| Hypertension | 0.98 (0.90-1.07) |
| Diabetes | 0.93 (0.87-0.99)b |
| Previous stroke/TIA | 1.12 (1.03-1.21)b |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.04 (0.99-1.10) |
| Coronary heart disease | 0.91 (0.86-0.97)b |
| Heart failure | 0.89 (0.83-0.94)b |
| COPD | 0.98 (0.90-1.06) |
| Risk factors for stroked,f | |
| Obesity | 1.03 (0.96-1.10) |
| Depression | 0.88 (0.80-0.97)b |
| Smoking | 0.98 (0.79-1.23) |
| Risk factors for bleedingd,f | |
| Anemia | 0.92 (0.86-0.99)b |
| Renal disease | 1.07 (0.94-1.22) |
| Excessive fall risk (Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and psychiatric disease) | 1.09 (0.97-1.22) |
| CKD | 0.82 (0.71-0.95)b |
| Nondependent abuse of drugs | 0.94 (0.70-1.26) |
aModel includes a fixed effect for month of index date.
bDenotes statistical significance (P value < 0.05).
cEvaluated at index date.
dEvaluated during 6-month baseline period.
eIncludes mental disorders, substance abuse, rheumatoid arthritis, isolation, and stress.
fOnly risk factors with a proportion of patients over 5% were adjusted for.
CDHP= consumer-directed health care; CI = confidence interval; CKD = chronic kidney disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HMO = health maintenance organization; HSA = health savings account; POS = point of service; PPO = preferred provider organization; THA = total hip replacement; TIA = transient ischemic attack; TKA = total knee replacement; VTE = venous thromboembolism.