TABLE 3.

Difference in Adjusted Total Inpatient Care Cost Between Dabigatran and Warfarin Treatment Groups

Explanatory Variables	Coefficient	Exp PEa	Standard Error	P Valueb
Intercept	10.4068	33,084.49
Treatment Group (reference: warfarin)
Dabigatran etexilate	-0.1287	0.88	0.0480	0.007
Use of bridging agent (LMWH and/or UFH; reference: no)	0.5371	1.71	0.0420	< 0.001
Patient age (in years)	-0.0072	0.99	0.0023	0.001
Female (reference: male)	-0.0770	0.93	0.0418	0.065
Payer type (reference: commercial)
Medicare	0.1344	1.14	0.0591	0.023
Medicaid	0.0625	1.06	0.1018	0.540
Other/unspecified	-0.0725	0.93	0.2440	0.766
AF was primary diagnosis (reference: secondary diagnosis)	-0.7836	0.46	0.0518	< 0.001
Comorbidities (excluding those used in stroke risk calculation)
Cancer	-0.0021	1.00	0.0470	0.964
Chronic pulmonary disease	0.1654	1.18	0.0379	< 0.001
Cerebral vascular disease	-0.0060	0.99	0.0604	0.921
Dementia	-0.0145	0.99	0.0796	0.856
Metastatic carcinoma	-0.0133	0.99	0.1075	0.902
Liver disease (mild through severe)	0.2488	1.28	0.1348	0.065
Paraplegia and hemiplegia	0.2434	1.28	0.1142	0.033
Peptic ulcer disease	0.5914	1.81	0.1942	0.002
Peripheral vascular disease	-0.0532	0.95	0.0527	0.313
Renal disease	0.0747	1.08	0.0564	0.186
Rheumatologic disease	0.0581	1.06	0.0769	0.450
Left ventricular systolic dysfunction	0.1441	1.15	0.0787	0.067
Thromboembolism	-0.0363	0.96	0.0785	0.643
Myocardial infarction	0.1788	1.20	0.0649	0.006
Coronary artery disease	0.0434	1.04	0.0467	0.353
Peripheral artery disease	0.0829	1.09	0.0768	0.281
CHADS2 scorec (reference: 2 [moderate risk])
0-1 (low risk)	0.0427	1.04	0.0652	0.513
3-6 (high risk)	0.1147	1.12	0.0470	0.015
HAS-BLED scored (reference: 2 [moderate risk])
0-1 (low risk)	-0.0351	0.97	0.0990	0.723
3-9 (high risk)	0.0121	1.01	0.0471	0.798
Number of prior hospitalizations	0.0139	1.01	0.0239	0.562
Hospitalization within matched study sample (reference: 1st)
2nd	-0.2307	0.79	0.0777	0.003
3rd or greater	0.1400	1.15	0.3051	0.646
Hospital U.S. Census divisions (reference: Pacific)
New England	-0.1290	0.88	0.3531	0.715
Middle Atlantic	-0.1393	0.87	0.1238	0.261
East North Central	-0.5131	0.60	0.0833	< 0.001
West North Central	-0.2284	0.80	0.1551	0.141
South Atlantic	-0.4457	0.64	0.0900	< 0.001
East South Central	-0.8217	0.44	0.1038	< 0.001
West South Central	-0.7246	0.48	0.1128	< 0.001
Mountain	-0.3108	0.73	0.0912	0.001
Hospital bed size (reference: 300-499 beds)
1-199 beds	0.0234	1.02	0.0856	0.785
200-299 beds	0.1022	1.11	0.0956	0.285
500+ beds	0.3108	1.36	0.0894	0.001
Hospital location (reference: rural)
Urban	-0.3411	0.71	0.0970	< 0.001
Unknown	0.2487	1.28	0.1695	0.142
Hospital type (reference: community)
Academic	0.1886	1.21	0.0779	0.016

^aThe multiplicative effect of this level versus the reference level (e.g., 1.04 is interpreted as 4% higher total health care costs; 0.69 as 31% lower total health care costs).

^bGeneralized linear model with gamma distribution (log link), fitted by generalized estimating equations performed using The Comprehensive R Archive Network geepack package.

^cOne point each for congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, and diabetes mellitus; 2 points for transient ischemic attack or stroke.

^dOne point each for current or prior hypertension; impaired kidney function (i.e., kidney disease); impaired liver function (i.e., liver disease); stroke, major bleeding event, or having condition that predisposes (i.e., bleeding diathesis); medication use that predisposes to risk of bleeding; abnormal INR (low detection rates in these data); alcohol abuse (low detection rates in these data); and age > 65 years.

AF = atrial fibrillation; Exp PE = exponentiated parameter estimate; INR = international normalized ratio; LMWH/PS = low molecular weight heparin/pentasaccharide; UFH = unfractionated heparin.