TABLE 2.
Multiple Logistic Regression Model to Identify Predictors of High Total Health Care Costs in the Follow-up Period
| OR (95% CI) | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographicsa | |||
| Age (year) | 1.001 | (0.993-1.010) | 0.758 |
| Gender (ref: female) | 1.036 | (0.884-1.214) | 0.661 |
| Year of index date (ref: 1999-2004) | |||
| 2005-2007 | 1.047 | (0.843-1.302) | 0.677 |
| 2008-2010 | 1.111 | (0.891-1.384) | 0.350 |
| 2011-2014 (Q1 only) | 1.283 | (1.034-1.592) | 0.024b |
| Study period characteristicsc | |||
| Number of sarcoidosis-related comorbiditiesd (ref: 0) | |||
| 1-4 | 1.158 | (0.794-1.690) | 0.447 |
| 5 or more | 1.694 | (1.002-2.866) | 0.049b |
| Selected sarcoidosis-related comorbiditiese,f | |||
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 1.493 | (1.221-1.825) | < 0.001b |
| Deficiency anemia | 1.606 | (1.216-2.122) | < 0.001b |
| Depression | 1.504 | (1.222-1.852) | < 0.001b |
| Diabetes | 1.428 | (1.173-1.738) | <0.001b |
| Epilepsy and recurrent seizures | 1.586 | (0.926-2.716) | 0.093 |
| Hydrocephalus | 1.583 | (0.473-5.296) | 0.456 |
| Malaise and fatigue | 1.380 | (1.158-1.645) | < 0.001b |
| Obesity | 1.355 | (1.053-1.742) | 0.018b |
| Pain syndromes | 1.228 | (0.685-2.199) | 0.490 |
| Pulmonary aspergillosis | 14.992 | (1.229-182.917) | 0.034b |
| Follow-up period characteristicsd | |||
| Medical visits (≥1 vs. 0) | |||
| Inpatient admission | 9.771 | (8.376-11.398) | < 0.001b |
| Specialistsg | |||
| Cardiologist | 1.700 | (1.446-1.998) | < 0.001b |
| Gastroenterologist | 1.287 | (1.070-1.546) | 0.007b |
| Nephrologist | 1.739 | (1.256-2.409) | < 0.001b |
| Orthopedist | 1.850 | (1.547-2.213) | < 0.001b |
| Radiologist | 2.090 | (1.670-2.616) | < 0.001b |
| Drug use (medical and pharmacy claims; ≥ 1 vs. 0) | |||
| Adalimumab and/or infliximab | 31.821 | (15.137-66.894) | < 0.001b |
aPatient demographics were evaluated at the index date.
bP value < 0.05.
cStudy period characteristics were evaluated during the 12-month period preceding and 12-month period following the index date.
dFollow-up period characteristics were evaluated during the 12-month period following the index date.
eRefer to Appendix A (available in online article) for a full list of the sarcoidosis-related comorbidities and the respective ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes used to identify the conditions.
fOther sarcoidosis-related comorbidities adjusted for in the regression model, but without statistically significant ORs, included bronchiectasis, cataracts, chronic pulmonary disease, erythema nodosum, essential (primary) hypertension, hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, interstitial lung disease, leukocytopenia, mild cognitive impairment, myalgia and myositis, osteoporosis, pneumonia, small fiber neuropathy, syncope, uveitis, and vitamin D deficiency.
gSpecialists for whom the OR was greater than 2 in the univariate analysis were included in the model.
CI = confidence interval; ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; OR = odds ratio; Q1 = quarter 1; ref = reference.