Service	Cost ($)	Source a	Description b
Medical office visits
Primary care physician visits	75.77	Medicare physician fee schedule24	99214: Office E&M visit involving decision making of moderate complexity
Nurse practitioner/physician’s assistant/nurse visits	20.41	Medicare physician fee schedule24	99211: Outpatient E&M visit, that may not require the presence of a physician, presenting problems are minimal
Telephone consultations	43.89	Medicare physician fee schedule24	99212: Office E&M visit involving straightforward decision making
Medical/surgical special visits
Oncology, medical	75.77	Medicare physician fee schedule24	99214: Office E&M visit involving decision making of moderate complexity
Hematology	75.77	Medicare physician fee schedule24	99214: Office E&M visit involving decision making of moderate complexity
Nononcology	75.77	Medicare physician fee schedule24	99214: Office E&M visit involving decision making of moderate complexity
Other	75.77	Medicare physician fee schedule24	99214: Office E&M visit involving decision making of moderate complexity
Laboratory visits	23.82	Medicare physician fee schedule24	36591: Collection of blood specimen from venous access device
Specific laboratory tests
Hematology	10.69	Medicare clinical lab fee schedule30	85025: CBC with automated differential WBC
Clinical chemistry	14.53	Medicare clinical lab fee schedule30	80053: Comprehensive metabolic panel Comprises: Albumin (82040) Bilirubin, total (82247) Calcium, total (82310) Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate) (82374) Chloride (82435) Creatinine (82565) Glucose (82947) Phosphatase, alkaline (84075) Potassium (84132) Protein, total (84155) Sodium (84295) Transferase, alanine amino (ALT) (SGPT) (84460) Transferase, aspartate amino (AST) (SGOT) (84450) Urea nitrogen (BUN) (84520)
Liver function tests	11.23	Medicare clinical lab fee schedule30	80076: Hepatic function panel Comprises: Albumin (82040) Bilirubin, direct (82248) Bilirubin, total (82247) Phosphatase, alkaline (84075) Protein, total (84155) Transferase, alanine amino (ALT) (SGPT) (84460) Transferase, aspartate amino (AST) (SGOT) (84450)
Pancreatic (amylase and lipase)	19.38	Medicare clinical lab fee schedule30	82150: Assay of amylase 83690: Assay of lipase
Coagulation	25.99	Medicare clinical lab fee schedule30	85610: Prothrombin time 85730: Thromboplastin time partial 85049: Automated platelet count 85002: Bleeding time test
Urinalysis	4.35	Medicare clinical lab fee schedule30	81000: Urinalysis, by dip stick or tablet reagent, nonautomated, with microscopy
ECG	18.37	Medicare physician fee schedule24	93000: Electrocardiogram complete
Thyroid function	56.74	Medicare physician fee schedule24	83970: Assay of parathormone
Other	20.16	—	Assigned mean value for specific lab tests
Radiological visits	75.77	Medicare physician fee schedule24	99214: Office E&M visit involving decision making of moderate complexity
Radiological tests
CT or MRI	179.98	2013 National Physician Fee Schedule37	74150: CT scan of abdomen without contrast material Work RVU: 1.19, facility practice expenses RVU: 4.02, malpractice expenditures RVU: .08, Conversion factor: 34.023
DCE MRI	461.35	2013 National Physician Fee Schedule37	76390: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
PET scan	1,056.12	GE Healthcare Reimbursement for PET 201331	78811: Tumor imaging, positron emission tomography (PET); limited area (e.g., chest, head/neck)
PET/CT scan	1,056.12	GE Healthcare Reimbursement for PET 201331	78811: Tumor imaging, positron emission tomography (PET); limited area (e.g., chest, head/neck)
Bone scan	108.19	Medicare physician fee schedule24	77075: X-rays, bone survey, complete
Other	261.00	—	Assigned mean value for specific radiological tests
Home health visits	78.59	Medicare physician fee schedule24	99325: Domiciliary/rest home visit; new patient, presenting problems of moderate severity
Hospital days (hospitalization at least 24 hours)
General ward	2,406.18	National statistics on all stays from HCUPnet;27 Calculation; Medicare physician fee schedule24	ICD-9-CM code: 189.0-Malignant neoplasm: Kidney, except pelvis Kidney not otherwise specified Kidney parenchyma 99232: Subsequent hospital care, per day, for E&M of patient involving decision making of moderate complexity
ICU	4,672.95	Halpern and Pastores, 201028	$3,518 in 2005 USD inflated to 2013 USD using medical care Consumer Price Index from Bureau of Labor Statistics
Emergency room visits	222.76	Bamezai et al., 200529	—
Medical/surgical procedures
At outpatient/physician clinic	0.00	—	The costs of medical/surgical procedures were assumed to be included in the costs of outpatient visits and hospitalizations
During any hospitalization	0.00	—	The costs of medical/surgical procedures were assumed to be included in the costs of outpatient visits and hospitalizations

^a Citations for these sources are found in the References listed at the end of this article.

^b Unless otherwise indicated, CPT codes are used in this column.

BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CBC = complete blood count; CPT = Current Procedural Terminology; CT = computed tomography; DCE MRI = dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; E&M = evaluation and management; ECG = electrocardiogram; ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; ICU = intensive care unit; RVU = relative value unit; SGOT = serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; SGPT = serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; USD = U.S. dollars; WBC = whole blood count.