TABLE 1.
Descriptive Statistics of the Baseline Sample Characteristics (N = 108,036)
| Variables | Total N = 10,836 | Single-Pill Triple-Combination Group n = 336 (3.1%) | Dual-Combination + Third Agent Group n =470 (4.3%) | Free-Combination Group n = 10,030 (92.5%) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (± SD) | 72.28 (±9.48) | 70.73 (8.49) | 72.54 (9.01) | 72.32 (9.53) | 0.0086a |
| Gender, n (%) | < 0.0001a | ||||
| Female | 5,000 (46.1) | 187 (55.6) | 279 (59.3) | 4,534 (45.2) | |
| Language, n (%) | < 0.0001a | ||||
| Spanish | 1,224 (11.3) | 91 (27.0) | 108 (22.9) | 1,025 (10.2) | |
| CMS risk score, mean (± SD) | 1.69 (±1.18) | 1.26 (0.87) | 1.52 (1.08) | 1.71 (1.19) | < 0.0001a |
| Health plan, n (%) | < 0.0001a | ||||
| LIS | 5,892 (54.3) | 155 (46.1) | 197 (41.9) | 5,540 (55.2) | |
| Other | 4,944 (45.6) | 181 (53.8) | 273 (58.0) | 4,490 (44.7) | |
| Additional risk factors/comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Previous hospitalization | 6,145 (56.7) | 2 (0.0059) | 17 (0.03) | 1,018 (0.1) | < 0.0001a |
| Diabetes | 1,944 (17.9) | 12 (0.03) | 38 (0.08) | 1,894 (0.1) | < 0.0001a |
| Depression | 573 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.0085) | 569 (0.05) | < 0.0001a |
| Heart failure | 846 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (0.02) | 834 (0.08) | < 0.0001a |
| End-stage renal disease | 122 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.0063) | 119 (0.01) | 0.0758 |
| Myocardial infarction | 92 (0.85) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0042) | 90 (0.0089) | 0.1252 |
| Coronary artery disease | 695 (6.4) | 1 (0.0029) | 13 (0.02) | 681 (0.06) | < 0.0001a |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 238 (2.2) | 4 (0.01) | 5 (0.01) | 229 (0.02) | 0.0935 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 318 (2.9) | 1 (0.002) | 4 (0.0085) | 313 (0.03) | 0.0003 |
| Neuropathy | 223 (2.0) | 1 (0.002) | 2 (0.004) | 220 (0.02) | 0.0021 |
| COPD | 638 (5.8) | 8 (0.02) | 10 (0.02) | 620 (0.06) | < 0.0001a |
| Retinopathy | 75 (0.6) | 1 (0.002) | 3 (0.0063) | 71 (0.007) | 0.6647 |
| Obesity | 227 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.0063) | 224 (0.02) | 0.0015 |
| Stroke | 320 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (0.01) | 312 (0.03) | 0.0011 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1,282 (11.8) | 15 (0.04) | 26 (0.05) | 1,241 (0.1) | < 0.0001a |
| Dementia | 66 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.002) | 65 (0.006) | 0.1712 |
| Previous antihypertensive drug use, n (%) | < 0.0001a | ||||
| Monotherapy | 10,093 (93.1) | 33 (0.09) | 30 (0.06) | 10,027 (99.9) | |
| Dual therapy | 706 (6.5) | 263 (78.2) | 440 (93.6) | 3 (0.0002) | |
| No treatment | 40 (0.3) | 40 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Note: Group differences were assessed using chi-square tests for categorical variables and analysis of variance for continuous variables. For counts < 5, Fisher’s exact test was applied.
aIndicates statistical significance at a significance level of 0.05.
CMS =Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LIS = low-income subsidy; SD = standard deviation.