TABLE 1.
Patient Demographics and Clinical Characteristics at Baseline
| Demographic and Clinical Characteristics | Intervention Group, n = 75 | Usual Care Group, n = 77 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean ± SD (median) | 61.80 ± 10.38 (63.0) | 62.22 ± 9.54 (64.0) | 0.751 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Male | 17 (22.7) | 20 (26.0) | 0.775 |
| Female | 58 (77.3) | 57 (74.0) | |
| Ethnic group, n (%) | |||
| Cypriots | 44 (58.7) | 45 (58.4) | 0.592 |
| Turkish | 30 (40.0) | 32 (41.6) | |
| Others | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||
| Married | 67 (89.3) | 61 (80.3) | 0.185 |
| Single, divorced, or separated | 8 (10.7) | 15 (19.7) | |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| University | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.9) | 0.334 |
| Secondary/high school | 19 (25.3) | 17 (22.1) | |
| Elementary | 46 (61.3) | 49 (63.6) | |
| Illiterate (or none) | 10 (13.3) | 8 (10.4) | |
| Working status, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 7 (9.3) | 14 (18.2) | 0.178 |
| No | 68 (90.7) | 63 (81.8) | |
| Smokers, n (%) | 12 (16.0) | 14 (18.2) | 0.887 |
| Drinkers, n (%) | 6 (8.1) | 9 (11.7) | 0.643 |
| Duration of diabetes in years, mean ± SD (median) | 10.81 ± 7.14 (10.0) | 10.59 ± 6.68 (10.0) | 0.901 |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD (median) | 109.88 ± 12.64 (110.0) | 108.81 ± 9.04 (109.0) | 0.645 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD (median) | 33.00 ± 4.93 (34.1) | 32.61 ± 4.57 (31.8) | 0.368 |
| Number of concurrent diseases, mean ± SD (median) | 2.08 ± 1.05 (2.0) | 1.93 ± 1.00 (2.0) | 0.365 |
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 60 (80.0) | 58 (75.3) | 0.619 |
| Dyslipidemia | 46 (61.3) | 39 (50.6) | 0.245 |
| Thyroid disorders | 16 (21.3) | 17 (22.1) | 1.000 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 7 (9.3) | 10 (13.0) | 0.648 |
| Asthma | 10 (13.3) | 9 (11.7) | 0.951 |
| Heart failure | 18 (24.0) | 17 (22.1) | 0.929 |
| Osteoporosis | 6 (8.0) | 5 (6.5) | 0.964 |
| Psychological disorders | 13 (17.3) | 12 (15.6) | 0.943 |
| Number of prescribed medications, mean ± SD (median) | 6.42 ± 2.11 (6.0) | 5.83 ± 1.84 (6.0) | 0.030 |
| 0-5 types, n (%) | 24 (32.0) | 38 (49.4) | 0.044 |
| ≥ 6 types, n (%) | 51 (68.0) | 39 (50.6) | |
| Antidiabetic medications, n (%) | |||
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 8 (10.7) | 4 (5.2) | 0.342 |
| Metformin | 67 (89.3) | 62 (80.5) | 0.197 |
| Sulphonylurea | 21 (28.0) | 20 (26.0) | 0.921 |
| Insulin | 41 (54.7) | 40 (51.9) | 0.737 |
| Lipid-lowering agent users, n (%) | 43 (57.3) | 40 (52.0) | 0.722 |
| Antihypertensive agent users, n (%) | 60 (80.0) | 65 (84.4) | 0.316 |
SD = standard deviation.