TABLE 5.

MAPD and Commercial Post-index Costs

Index Medication	MAPD			Commercial
	Sitagliptin (n = 17,292)	Saxagliptin (n = 4,282)	Linagliptin (n = 1,286)	Sitagliptin (n = 2,368)	Saxagliptin (n = 643)	Linagliptin (n = 218)
Overall health care costs
Unadjusted mean	$15,186.94	$14,182.79	$16,731.07	$12,752.02	$12,919.87	$15,947.64
(SD)	(21,163.80)	(18,851.58)	(21,412.48)	(21,177.90)	(20,291.31)	(31,264.61)
Median	$8,460.81	$8,187.54	$9,414.88	$7,210.69	$6,648.99	$7,169.55
GLM adjusted meana	$13,912.87 Reference	$13,651.57 P = 0.55	$13,859.13 P = 0.87	$11,676.62 Reference	$12,059.10 P = 0.25	$11,162.85 P = 0.46
Medical costs
Unadjusted mean	$9,616.94	$8,591.30	$10,438.36	$7,096.47	$7,376.34	$9,946.37
(SD)	(19,563.51)	(16,991.93)	(19,464.26)	(19,423.64)	(19,174.76)	(29,035.21)
Median	$3,094.43	$3,013.28	$3,368.80	$1,730.79	$1,572.48	$1,699.00
GLM adjusted meana	Reference $8,608.23	$8,200.72 P = 0.64	$8,352.75 P = 0.40	Reference $6,133.10	$6,664.92 P = 0.57	$6,267.77 P = 0.82
Pharmacy costs
Unadjusted mean	$5,570.04	$5,591.49	$6,292.71	$5,655.55	$5,543.53	$6,001.27
(SD)	(5,724.53)	(5,100.61)	(6,463.2)	(5,954.57)	(5,471.36)	(6,405.00)
Median	$4,308.01	$4,364.95	$4,831.17	$4,318.28	$4,060.52	$4,388.49
GLM adjusted meana	Reference $5,185.46	$5,188.88 P = 0.80	$5,167.42 P = 0.81	Reference $5,294.32	$4,918.89 P = 0.09	$4,565.99 P < 0.001b

Note: All costs in U.S. 2013 dollars.

^aGLM model compared post-index costs for the index drugs adjusting for pre-index costs, DCSI, insulin use before index, age, and gender.

^bLinagliptin pharmacy costs are significantly lower than sitagliptin pharmacy costs (GLM P < 0.001).

DCSI = Diabetes Complications Severity Index; GLM = general linear modeling; MAPD = Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug plan; SD = standard deviation.