TABLE 1.
PSM-Adjusted Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes
| Apixaban Cohort n = 20,803 | Warfarin Cohort n = 20,803 | Apixaban Cohort n = 15,418 | Dabigatran Cohort n = 15,418 | Apixaban Cohort n = 20,804 | Rivaroxaban Cohort n = 20,804 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | |
| Age (years) | 78.4 | 7.4 | 78.1 | 7.5 | 77.6 | 7.2 | 77.5 | 7.0 | 78.4 | 7.4 | 78.3 | 7.4 |
| 65-74 | 7,214 | 34.7% | 7,506 | 36.1% | 5,957 | 38.6% | 5,951 | 38.6% | 7,239 | 34.8% | 7,149 | 34.4% |
| 75-84 | 8,830 | 42.4% | 8,660 | 41.6% | 6,599 | 42.8% | 6,613 | 42.9% | 8,833 | 42.5% | 8,903 | 42.8% |
| ≥ 85 | 4,759 | 22.9% | 4,637 | 22.3% | 2,862 | 18.6% | 2,854 | 18.5% | 4,732 | 22.7% | 4,752 | 22.8% |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 9,919 | 47.7% | 9,971 | 47.9% | 7,610 | 49.4% | 7,643 | 49.6% | 9,927 | 47.7% | 9,910 | 47.6% |
| Female | 10,884 | 52.3% | 10,832 | 52.1% | 7,808 | 50.6% | 7,775 | 50.4% | 10,877 | 52.3% | 10,894 | 52.4% |
| U.S. geographic region | ||||||||||||
| Northeast | 3,596 | 17.3% | 3,918 | 18.8% | 2,906 | 18.8% | 2,949 | 19.1% | 3,595 | 17.3% | 3,513 | 16.9% |
| North Central | 4,220 | 20.3% | 6,079 | 29.2% | 3,420 | 22.2% | 3,420 | 22.2% | 4,221 | 20.3% | 4,260 | 20.5% |
| South | 9,377 | 45.1% | 7,300 | 35.1% | 6,201 | 40.2% | 6,163 | 40.0% | 9,375 | 45.1% | 9,440 | 45.4% |
| West | 3,595 | 17.3% | 3,491 | 16.8% | 2,879 | 18.7% | 2,878 | 18.7% | 3,601 | 17.3% | 3,583 | 17.2% |
| Other | 15 | 0.1% | 15 | 0.1% | 12 | 0.1% | 8 | 0.1% | 12 | 0.1% | 8 | 0.0% |
| Baseline comorbidity | ||||||||||||
| Baseline Charlson Comorbidity Index score | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.6 |
| 0-1 | 7,932 | 38.1% | 7,372 | 35.4% | 6,373 | 41.3% | 6,312 | 40.9% | 7,967 | 38.3% | 7,852 | 37.7% |
| 2-3 | 6,292 | 30.3% | 6,534 | 31.4% | 4,695 | 30.5% | 4,721 | 30.6% | 6,293 | 30.3% | 6,386 | 30.7% |
| ≥ 4 | 6,579 | 31.6% | 6,897 | 33.2% | 4,350 | 28.2% | 4,385 | 28.4% | 6,544 | 31.5% | 6,566 | 31.6% |
| Baseline CHADS2 scorea | 2.8 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 1.4 |
| 0 = low risk | 625 | 3.0% | 575 | 2.8% | 547 | 3.5% | 546 | 3.5% | 626 | 3.0% | 585 | 2.8% |
| 1 = moderate risk | 3,411 | 16.4% | 3,378 | 16.2% | 2,775 | 18.0% | 2,774 | 18.0% | 3,433 | 16.5% | 3,372 | 16.2% |
| 2 = high risk | 6,042 | 29.0% | 5,817 | 28.0% | 4,620 | 30.0% | 4,576 | 29.7% | 6,047 | 29.1% | 6,056 | 29.1% |
| ≥ 2 = high risk | 10,725 | 51.6% | 11,033 | 53.0% | 7,476 | 48.5% | 7,522 | 48.8% | 10,698 | 51.4% | 10,791 | 51.9% |
| Baseline CHA2DS2-VASc scoreb | 4.6 | 1.7 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 4.5 | 1.7 | 4.5 | 1.7 | 4.6 | 1.7 | 4.6 | 1.7 |
| 0 = low risk | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
| 1 = moderate risk | 318 | 1.5% | 264 | 1.3% | 285 | 1.8% | 275 | 1.8% | 318 | 1.5% | 299 | 1.4% |
| 2 = high risk | 1,787 | 8.6% | 1,791 | 8.6% | 1,501 | 9.7% | 1,534 | 9.9% | 1,803 | 8.7% | 1,782 | 8.6% |
| ≥ 2 = high risk | 18,698 | 89.9% | 18,748 | 90.1% | 13,632 | 88.4% | 13,609 | 88.3% | 18,683 | 89.8% | 18,723 | 90.0% |
| Baseline HAS-BLED scorec | 3.3 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 1.2 |
| 0 = low risk | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
| 1-2 = moderate risk | 5,963 | 28.7% | 5,521 | 26.5% | 5,103 | 33.1% | 5,056 | 32.8% | 5,966 | 28.7% | 5,868 | 28.2% |
| ≥ 2 = high risk | 14,840 | 71.3% | 15,282 | 73.5% | 10,315 | 66.9% | 10,362 | 67.2% | 14,838 | 71.3% | 14,936 | 71.8% |
| Baseline prior bleed | 4,548 | 21.9% | 4,731 | 22.7% | 3,081 | 20.0% | 3,090 | 20.0% | 4,542 | 21.8% | 4,664 | 22.4% |
| Baseline prior stroke | 2,686 | 12.9% | 2,872 | 13.8% | 1,827 | 11.8% | 1,852 | 12.0% | 2,675 | 12.9% | 2,649 | 12.7% |
| Congestive heart failure | 6,388 | 30.7% | 6,698 | 32.2% | 4,425 | 28.7% | 4,459 | 28.9% | 6,356 | 30.6% | 6,371 | 30.6% |
| Diabetes | 7,341 | 35.3% | 7,467 | 35.9% | 5,582 | 36.2% | 5,560 | 36.1% | 7,331 | 35.2% | 7,374 | 35.4% |
| Hypertension | 18,782 | 90.3% | 18,980 | 91.2% | 13,705 | 88.9% | 13,727 | 89.0% | 18,782 | 90.3% | 18,848 | 90.6% |
| Renal disease | 4,977 | 23.9% | 5,312 | 25.5% | 3,139 | 20.4% | 3,130 | 20.3% | 4,939 | 23.7% | 4,865 | 23.4% |
| Myocardial infarction | 2,659 | 12.8% | 2,844 | 13.7% | 1,696 | 11.0% | 1,731 | 11.2% | 2,649 | 12.7% | 2,676 | 12.9% |
| Dyspepsia or stomach discomfort | 4,640 | 22.3% | 4,815 | 23.1% | 3,166 | 20.5% | 3,209 | 20.8% | 4,637 | 22.3% | 4,585 | 22.0% |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 12,286 | 59.1% | 12,617 | 60.6% | 8,513 | 55.2% | 8,483 | 55.0% | 12,289 | 59.1% | 12,298 | 59.1% |
| Transient ischemic attack | 1,769 | 8.5% | 1,842 | 8.9% | 1,177 | 7.6% | 1,180 | 7.7% | 1,767 | 8.5% | 1,749 | 8.4% |
| Coronary artery disease | 10,758 | 51.7% | 11,086 | 53.3% | 7,357 | 47.7% | 7,341 | 47.6% | 10,760 | 51.7% | 10,747 | 51.7% |
| Baseline medication use | ||||||||||||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 7,420 | 35.7% | 7,452 | 35.8% | 5,710 | 37.0% | 5,772 | 37.4% | 7,431 | 35.7% | 7,426 | 35.7% |
| Amiodarone | 2,171 | 10.4% | 2,158 | 10.4% | 1,379 | 8.9% | 1,396 | 9.1% | 2,185 | 10.5% | 2,202 | 10.6% |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 5,558 | 26.7% | 5,660 | 27.2% | 3,934 | 25.5% | 3,949 | 25.6% | 5,576 | 26.8% | 5,667 | 27.2% |
| Baseline medication use | ||||||||||||
| Beta blockers | 11,880 | 57.1% | 12,273 | 59.0% | 8,507 | 55.2% | 8,508 | 55.2% | 11,887 | 57.1% | 11,889 | 57.1% |
| H2-receptor antagonist | 1,446 | 7.0% | 1,546 | 7.4% | 1,007 | 6.5% | 1,013 | 6.6% | 1,444 | 6.9% | 1,427 | 6.9% |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 6,907 | 33.2% | 7,104 | 34.1% | 4,714 | 30.6% | 4,742 | 30.8% | 6,913 | 33.2% | 6,875 | 33.0% |
| Antiplatelets | 4,100 | 19.7% | 4,196 | 20.2% | 2,492 | 16.2% | 2,480 | 16.1% | 4,114 | 19.8% | 4,065 | 19.5% |
| Statins | 12,791 | 61.5% | 13,075 | 62.9% | 9,064 | 58.8% | 9,060 | 58.8% | 12,797 | 61.5% | 12,818 | 61.6% |
| Index drug dosed | ||||||||||||
| Standard dose | 14,980 | 72.0% | 11,584 | 75.1% | 12,139 | 78.7% | 15,007 | 72.1% | 13,009 | 62.5% | ||
| Low dose | 5,838 | 28.1% | 3,843 | 24.9% | 3,282 | 21.3% | 5,812 | 27.9% | 7,835 | 37.7% | ||
| Follow-up time (days) | 171 | 153 | 196 | 184 | 172 | 154 | 196 | 192 | 171 | 153 | 205 | 191 |
| Median | 115 | 122 | 115 | 113 | 115 | 133 | ||||||
| Switch during follow-up | 914 | 4.4% | 1,364 | 6.6% | 696 | 4.5% | 1,798 | 11.7% | 913 | 4.4% | 1,342 | 6.5% |
aCHADS2: congestive heart failure, hypertension, aged ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke, transient ischemic attack, or venous thromboembolism.
bCHA2DS2-VASc: congestive heart failure, hypertension, aged ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism, vascular disease, aged 65-74 years, sex category.
cHAS-BLED: hypertension, abnormal renal and liver function, stroke, bleeding, labile international normalized ratios, elderly, drugs and alcohol.
dStandard dose: 5 mg twice a day apixaban, 150 mg twice a day dabigatran, 20 mg every day rivaroxaban; low dose: 2.5 mg twice a day apixaban, 75 mg twice a day dabigatran, 10 mg or 15 mg every day rivaroxaban.
PSM = propensity score matching; SD = standard deviation.