TABLE 2.
At-Risk Populations and Benefits Addressed by Evidence-Based Community Pharmacy Services Designed to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease
| Study | Population at Riska | Benefits of Service (Indicators) | ||||
| Social | Health | Patient Behaviors | Determinants of Behavior | Environmental Conditions and Behaviors of Environmental Agents | ||
| Ali M, et al.23 | Individuals with type 2 diabetes, HbAlc > 7%, under oral hypoglycemic treatment (100%); age: 66.4 (SD: 12.7) | HbA1cb; FCG levels; hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia episodes; SBP levels; HDL-C levels; health status | Knowledge about diabetes; beliefs about medicines | |||
| Amariles P, et al. 10,22 | Individuals with moderate or high cardiovascular risk (100%); hypertension (88.0%); uncontrolled hypertension (67.1%); dyslipidaemia (71.3%); uncontrolled dyslipidaemia (57.6%); overweight/obese (80.7%); age: 63.0 (SD: 8.3) | BP controlb; TC controlb; SBP levels; TC levels | ||||
| Bouvy ML, et al.32 | Individuals with heart failure under treatment with loop diuretics (100%); myocardial infarction (56.8); age: 69.1 (SD: 10.2) | Adherence to loop diureticsb | ||||
| Eussen SR, et al.30 | New users of statins (100%); unhealthy diet (53.0); physical inactivity (62.0); age: 60.2 (SD: NS) | Adherence to statinsb | ||||
| Fornos JA, et al.11 | Individuals with type 2 diabetes under oral hypoglycemic treatment (100%); age: 62.4 (SD: 10.5) | HbA1cb; FCG levels; SBP levels; TC levels; DRP | Knowledge about diabetes | |||
| G arcao JA, et al.27 | Individuals with primary hypertension under antihypertensive treatment (100%); uncontrolled hypertension (76.0%); age: 66.5 (SD: 8.2) | BP controlb; SBP and DBP levelsb | ||||
| Krass I, et al.24 | Individuals with diabetes, HbA1c above normal threshold, under oral hypoglycemic treatment or insulin (100%); hypertension (70.0%); dyslipidemia (61.0%); age: 62.0 (SD: 11.0) | Patient’s quality of lifec | HbA1c levelsb | |||
| Maguire TA, et al.33 | Smokers, expressing a wish to stop smoking; age: 42.0 (SD: NS) | Cease smokingb | ||||
| Mehuys E, et al.25 | Individuals with type 2 diabetes, under oral hypoglycemic treatment; overweight/obese (100%); age: 63.0 (SD: NS) | FPG on targetb | Self-management activities’1 | Knowledge about diabetes | Satisfactory adjustments in oral hypoglyce-mic treatment | |
| Sarkadi A, et al.26 | Individuals with diabetes, under oral hypo-glycemic medication or insulin for less than 2 years (100%); age: 66.4 (SD: 7.9) | HbA1c levelsb,e | ||||
| Sookaneknun P, et al.28 | Individuals with primary hypertension under antihypertensive treatment (100%); uncontrolled hypertension (77.1%); age: 63.2 (SD: 9.3) | SBP and DBP levelsb | Adherence to antihypertensive treatment; practice regular exercise | |||
| Tsuyuki RT, et al. 34,35 | Individuals at high risk of coronary heart disease (with previous CVD or diabetes with 1 or more cardiovascular risk factor; 100%); age: 64.2 (SD: 12.2) | Cholesterol risk management | ||||
| Vrijens B, et al.31 | Individuals under treatment with atorvastatin (100%); age: 61.9 (SD: 9.9) | Adherence to statinsb | ||||
| Zillich AJ, et al.29 | Individuals with uncontrolled hypertension under antihypertensive treatment (100.0%); dyslipidaemia (50%); age: 64.0 (SD: 11.1) | DBP levelsb | ||||
aOnly those conditions in which prevalence in the study sample was higher than 50% are mentioned.
bPrimary outcome variable as specified by the study authors.
cEQ-5D health-state scores.
dPhysical exercise and foot care.
eImprovements in HbAlc levels were observed 1 year after the end of the intervention but not immediately after its delivery (intervention length: 1 year).
fAccording to study authors’ definition, cholesterol risk management addressed: performing fasting cholesterol panel, addition of cholesterol-lowering medication, adjustments in treatment.
BP = blood pressure; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; DRP = drug-related problems; FCG = fasting capillary glucose; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; HbAlc = hemoglobin Alc; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NS = not specified; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SD = standard deviation; TC = total cholesterol.