TABLE 3.
Numbera | |
Targeting Patients | |
Pharmacists providing one-on-one information or instructions to patients regarding health problems; correct use/administration of medicines (including adverse effects, interactions, precautions); adherence to treatment; risk/healthy behaviors; self-management; or self-monitoring/self-report. This also includes reinforcement to make an idea, an attitude, patient’s knowledge, or a behavior stronger.10-11-22-25-27-35 | 13 |
Patients provided with written information derived from the assessments performed as part of the service.23-24-30-32-34-35 | 7 |
Patients provided with support material to facilitate behavioral changes (e.g., monitoring devices, adherence-aid devices, and patient diary).24-25,28,29,31,32 | 7 |
Pharmacists and patients discussing the results derived from the assessments performed as part of the service.24,28,30-32 | 5 |
Pharmacists and patients discussing and agreeing on goals and follow-up plans; developing mutual treatment plans.10,22,24,26,32,33 | 5 |
Pharmacists facilitating patient group discussions.26 | 1 |
Targeting Health Care Professionals | |
Pharmacists providing relevant information about patient’s current status and/or treatment recommendations to other health care professionals (e.g., add new medicines, suspend a medication, change a medication, change dose or frequency of medicines, or make adjustments according to clinical guidelines).10,11,22-24,26,27,29,32,34,35 | 9 |
Pharmacists requesting that other health care professionals perform clinical analysis to further evaluate patient’s health status.34,35 | 1 |
Pharmacists discussing and agreeing on treatment plans with other health care professionals.29 | 1 |
Assessments Performed by Service Providers to Support Their Decisions and Actions | |
Health outcomes: BP (community pharmacy),10,11,22,23,27-29 BP (home),29 BG (community pharmacy),11,23 BG (home),24-26 HbA1c,11, 23 hypo- and hyperglycemic episodes,23 TC,10,11,22,23,30,34,35 TG,11,23,30 HDL-C,11,23,30 LDL-C,11,23,30 BMI,10,11,22,23,27 albumin-creatinine ratio,11 global cardiovascular risk,10,22 health status,23 adverse drug reactions,10,22,27,28,32 drug-related problems(b)10,11,22,24,27,28,30 |
12 |
Health care processes (i.e., environmental factors): adequacy of treatment,(c)10,11,22-24,33 adjustments in treatment plan,(d)10,11,22,34,35 request of assessment tests(e)10,22,34,35 | 6 |
Patient behaviors: medication use/administration process,10,22,23,32 adherence to treatment,10,11,22,25,28-32,34,35 lifestyle habits,(f)10,11,22,23,25,26,28 self-monitoring/self-care,24,25 attend appointment with physician34,35 | 12 |
Determinants of patient behaviors: knowledge (medicines),10,11,22,28 knowledge (health problems),10,11,22,23,25 beliefs/concerns (medicines),10,22,23 beliefs/concerns (health problems),10,22 causes of nonadherence (i.e., any cause)30,32 | 7 |
aNumber of services for which each technique was reported (out of 14).
bThe term drug-related problems was used with different meanings and, depending on the study authors, included the assessment of health outcomes (e.g., adverse effect); environmental factors (e.g., adequacy of treatment); or patient behaviors (e.g., correct use of medicines).
cAssessing the appropriateness of pharmacological treatments according to guidelines (evidence-based recommendations) with respect to individual patient characteristics (clinical conditions) or to the use of concomitant treatments (interactions, precautions, contraindications). Also includes assessing the need for new drugs.
dAssessing whether other health professionals made the required changes in pharmacological treatment.
eAssessing whether other health professionals requested additional laboratory tests to further assess the patient’s health status.
fAssessing 1 or more risk lifestyle factors (i.e., actual status or adherence to recommendations), including smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and harmful use of alcohol.
BG = blood glucose; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; HbAlc = hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglycerides.