. 2016 Jun;22(6):10.18553/jmcp.2016.22.6.699. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2016.22.6.699

TABLE 3.

Practical Applications or Techniques Delivered as Part of Community Pharmacy Services to Encourage and Support Changes in Patient Behaviors and Health Care Practice

	Number^a
Targeting Patients
Pharmacists providing one-on-one information or instructions to patients regarding health problems; correct use/administration of medicines (including adverse effects, interactions, precautions); adherence to treatment; risk/healthy behaviors; self-management; or self-monitoring/self-report. This also includes reinforcement to make an idea, an attitude, patient’s knowledge, or a behavior stronger.^{10-11-22-25-27-35}	13
Patients provided with written information derived from the assessments performed as part of the service.^{23-24-30-32-34-35}	7
Patients provided with support material to facilitate behavioral changes (e.g., monitoring devices, adherence-aid devices, and patient diary).24-25,28,29,31,32	7
Pharmacists and patients discussing the results derived from the assessments performed as part of the service.^24,28,30-32	5
Pharmacists and patients discussing and agreeing on goals and follow-up plans; developing mutual treatment plans.^{10,22,24,26,32,33}	5
Pharmacists facilitating patient group discussions.²⁶	1
Targeting Health Care Professionals
Pharmacists providing relevant information about patient’s current status and/or treatment recommendations to other health care professionals (e.g., add new medicines, suspend a medication, change a medication, change dose or frequency of medicines, or make adjustments according to clinical guidelines).^{10,11,22-24,26,27,29,32,34,35}	9
Pharmacists requesting that other health care professionals perform clinical analysis to further evaluate patient’s health status.^34,35	1
Pharmacists discussing and agreeing on treatment plans with other health care professionals.²⁹	1
Assessments Performed by Service Providers to Support Their Decisions and Actions
Health outcomes: BP (community pharmacy),^{10,11,22,23,27-29} BP (home),²⁹ BG (community pharmacy),^11,23 BG (home),^24-26 HbA1c,¹¹, ²³ hypo- and hyperglycemic episodes,²³ TC,^{10,11,22,23,30,34,35} TG,^11,23,30 HDL-C,^11,23,30 LDL-C,^11,23,30 BMI,^{10,11,22,23,27} albumin-creatinine ratio,¹¹ global cardiovascular risk,^10,22 health status,²³ adverse drug reactions,^{10,22,27,28,32} drug-related problems^{(b)10,11,22,24,27,28,30}	12
Health care processes (i.e., environmental factors): adequacy of treatment,^{(c)10,11,22-24,33} adjustments in treatment plan,^{(d)10,11,22,34,35} request of assessment tests^{(e)10,22,34,35}	6
Patient behaviors: medication use/administration process,^10,22,23,32 adherence to treatment,^{10,11,22,25,28-32,34,35} lifestyle habits,^{(f)10,11,22,23,25,26,28} self-monitoring/self-care,^24,25 attend appointment with physician^34,35	12
Determinants of patient behaviors: knowledge (medicines),^10,11,22,28 knowledge (health problems),^{10,11,22,23,25} beliefs/concerns (medicines),^10,22,23 beliefs/concerns (health problems),^10,22 causes of nonadherence (i.e., any cause)^30,32	7

^aNumber of services for which each technique was reported (out of 14).

^bThe term drug-related problems was used with different meanings and, depending on the study authors, included the assessment of health outcomes (e.g., adverse effect); environmental factors (e.g., adequacy of treatment); or patient behaviors (e.g., correct use of medicines).

^cAssessing the appropriateness of pharmacological treatments according to guidelines (evidence-based recommendations) with respect to individual patient characteristics (clinical conditions) or to the use of concomitant treatments (interactions, precautions, contraindications). Also includes assessing the need for new drugs.

^dAssessing whether other health professionals made the required changes in pharmacological treatment.

^eAssessing whether other health professionals requested additional laboratory tests to further assess the patient’s health status.

^fAssessing 1 or more risk lifestyle factors (i.e., actual status or adherence to recommendations), including smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and harmful use of alcohol.

BG = blood glucose; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; HbAlc = hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglycerides.