| Category | Overall Population (N = 23,645) | Initial Year | Experienced Year | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial Year | Experienced Year | P Valueb | Continuers (n = 10,285) | Interrupters (n = 10,285) | P Value | Continuers (n = 10,285) | Interrupters (n = 10,285) | P Value | |
| Medical (diabetes-related) | 3,397 (12,654) | 3,531 (19,111) | 0.361 | 3,239 (10,955) | 3,667 (14,845) | 0.015 | 3,082 (9,801) | 3,998 (26,505) | < 0.001 |
| Inpatient | 1,473 (9,997) | 1,700 (16,943) | 0.072 | 1,342 (8,429) | 1,705 (12,034) | 0.010 | 1,350 (7,805) | 2,059 (23,879) | 0.004 |
| Outpatient | 1,635 (5,776) | 1,510 (5,329) | 0.013 | 1,630 (5,995) | 1,648 (5,609) | 0.802 | 1,456 (4,666) | 1,574 (6,092) | 0.115 |
| Emergency department | 289 (1,603) | 320 (1,627) | 0.032 | 268 (1,423) | 315 (1,729) | 0.034 | 276 (1,389) | 366 (1,849) | < 0.001 |
| All-cause medical | 12,690 (36,350) | 13,408 (44,583) | 0.048 | 12,227 (34,037) | 13,312 (39,004) | 0.029 | 12,371 (34,208) | 14,211 (51,669) | 0.002 |
| Inpatient | 4,086 (21,210) | 4,667 (29,852) | 0.014 | 3,746 (19,229) | 4,494 (22,688) | 0.009 | 3,889 (19,101) | 5,184 (35,280) | < 0.001 |
| Outpatient | 7,923 (24,684) | 7,994 (26,463) | 0.754 | 7,856 (23,950) | 8,068 (26,193) | 0.550 | 7,839 (23,726) | 8,189 (29,370) | 0.351 |
| Emergency department | 681 (2,512) | 747 (2,628) | 0.004 | 625 (2,181) | 750 (2,837) | < 0.001 | 643 (2,188) | 838 (2,950) | < 0.001 |
| Pharmacy (diabetes-related) | |||||||||
| Index basal insulin | 1,503 (1,059) | 1,740 (1,423) | < 0.001 | 1,975 (1,127) | 977 (617) | < 0.001 | 2,213 (1,546) | 1,198 (987) | < 0.001 |
| Other insulins | 379 (835) | 580 (1,186) | < 0.001 | 474 (977) | 268 (622) | < 0.001 | 708 (1,352) | 418 (886) | < 0.001 |
| Noninsulin injectablesc | 243 (824) | 298 (977) | < 0.001 | 234 (825) | 220 (753) | 0.064 | 318 (1,026) | 254 (868) | < 0.001 |
| OADs | 846 (1,259) | 626 (1,102) | < 0.001 | 841 (1,250) | 851 (1,265) | 0.348 | 636 (1,119) | 620 (1,088) | 0.409 |
| All-cause pharmacyb | 6,253 (6,164) | 6,559 (7,103) | < 0.001 | 7,106 (6,284) | 5,273 (5,889) | < 0.001 | 7,426 (7,245) | 5,534 (6,782) | < 0.001 |
| All-cause total health care | 18,943 (37,661) | 19,967 (45,913) | 0.006 | 19,333 (35,532) | 18,585 (40,231) | 0.132 | 19,797 (36,079) | 19,744 (52,773) | 0.917 |
Note: All data presented as mean (SD).
aCosts were per patient and inflation adjusted to 2013 USD values; persistence pattern = score-matched continuer versus interrupter.
bComparison between initial year (year 1) and experienced year (year 2) of basal insulin use.
cGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and pramlintide.
OADs = oral antihyperglycemic drugs; SD = standard deviation; USD = U.S. dollars.