TABLE 3.

Direct Health Care Costs During Study Period (36 Months)

Variable	Intervention Group (n = 97)	Control Group (n = 97)	P Valuea,b
Mean general practitioner appointment cost per patient, $ (SD)	20.0 (5.6)	15.2 (2.6)	< 0.001
Mean specialist appointment cost per patient, $ (SD)	1.6 (2.8)	0.9 (2.6)	0.011
Mean nurse appointment cost per patient, $ (SD)	23.5 (0.7)	23.4 (0.3)	0.758
Mean pharmacist appointment cost per patient, $ (SD)c	3.9 (0.1)
Mean emergency department visit cost per patient, $ (SD)	0.4 (0.9)	0.6 (1.7)	< 0.001
Mean drug cost per patient, $ (SD)	232.4 (51.6)	172.1 (44.0)	0.181
Mean total health care cost per patient, $ (SD)	281.8 (49.7)	212.2 (43.5)	0.089
Total difference, $ (SD)	69.6 (7.9)

Note: Monetary values are presented in U.S. dollars.

^a Independent-sample Student t-tests were used.

^b P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

^c Patients enrolled in the control group did not receive pharmacist appointments.

SD = standard deviation.