TABLE 4.
Risk of Pneumonia with Use of Non-BZDs and BZDs by Duration of Use
| Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusteda Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short-term use | |||||
| Non-BZDs | 502 (1.0) | 874 (0.5) | 2.18 (1.95-2.43) | 1.57 (1.39-1.77) | < 0.001 |
| BZDs | 1,758 (3.5) | 3,006 (1.6) | 2.31 (2.18-2.45) | 1.69 (1.58-1.80) | < 0.001 |
| Alprazolam | 323 (0.6) | 552 (0.3) | 2.22 (1.94-2.55) | 1.61 (1.38-1.87) | < 0.001 |
| Clonazepam | 110 (0.2) | 183 (0.1) | 2.29 (1.80-2.90) | 1.60 (1.23-2.08) | < 0.001 |
| Lorazepam | 508 (1.0) | 869 (0.5) | 2.18 (1.96-2.44) | 1.52 (1.34-1.72) | < 0.001 |
| Temazepam | 361 (0.7) | 580 (0.3) | 2.33 (2.04-2.66) | 1.80 (1.56-2.09) | < 0.001 |
| Long-term use | |||||
| Non-BZDs | 1,033 (2.0) | 2,187 (1.2) | 1.79 (1.66-1.93) | 1.16 (1.06-1.25) | < 0.001 |
| BZDs | 4,198 (8.2) | 9,219 (4.9) | 1.79 (1.72-1.86) | 1.14 (1.09-1.19) | < 0.001 |
| Alprazolam | 622 (1.2) | 1,413 (0.8) | 1.66 (1.51-1.82) | 1.08 (0.98-1.20) | 0.132 |
| Clonazepam | 562 (1.1) | 1,338 (0.7) | 1.56 (1.42-1.73) | 0.99 (0.88-1.10) | 0.811 |
| Lorazepam | 678 (1.3) | 1,595 (0.9) | 1.58 (1.44-1.73) | 0.96 (0.87-1.06) | 0.438 |
| Temazepam | 1,037 (2.0) | 2,332 (1.2) | 1.66 (1.54-1.79) | 1.16 (1.06-1.25) | < 0.001 |
a Adjusted for covariates listed in the Appendix (available in online article).
BZD = benzodiazepine; CI = confidence interval.