TABLE 3.
All-Cause Health Care Costs and All-Cause Health Care Utilization in the Pre- and Post-index Period by Study Cohort
| Pharmacy Program | Nonpharmacy Program | P Value (Program vs. Nonprogram) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-index (n = 1,218) | Post-index (n = 1,218) | P Valuea | Pre-index (n = 1,218) | Post-index (n = 1,218) | P Valuea | Pre-indexb | Post-indexb | DiDc | |
| All-cause health care costs ($)d | |||||||||
| Total | 28,895 (46,255) | 27,663 (49,662) | 0.403 | 29,448 (44,853) | 29,612 (51,773) | 0.901 | 0.762 | 0.333 | 0.474 |
| Medical | 21,861 (43,177) | 19,810 (47,598) | 0.163 | 22,384 (43,388) | 21,758 (49,656) | 0.629 | 0.762 | 0.311 | 0.449 |
| Pharmacy | 7,033 (8,760) | 7,853 (9,268) | < 0.001 | 7,064 (8,034) | 7,854 (8,594) | < 0.001 | 0.929 | 0.998 | 0.888 |
| All-cause health care utilizations | |||||||||
| At least 1 office visit, n (%) | 1,217 (99.9) | 1,215 (99.8) | 0.317 | 1,218 (100.0) | 1,214 (99.7) | 0.125e | 1.00e | 0.706 | f |
| At least 1 outpatient visit, n (%) | 988 (81.1) | 973 (79.9) | 0.378 | 1,020 (83.7) | 987 (81.0) | 0.039 | 0.087 | 0.480 | 0.392 |
| At least 1 ER visit, n (%) | 594 (48.8) | 558 (45.8) | 0.090 | 638 (52.4) | 565 (46.4) | < 0.001 | 0.077 | 0.775 | 0.212 |
| At least 1 inpatient stay, n (%) | 270 (22.2) | 211 (17.3) | < 0.001 | 279 (22.9) | 288 (23.7) | 0.610 | 0.643 | < 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Number of all-cause health care utilizations | |||||||||
| Office visits | 24.12 (17.56) | 23.46 (17.64) | 0.115 | 26.71 (20.30) | 24.43 (19.74) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.193 | 0.015 |
| Outpatient visits | 8.81 (11.88) | 8.58 (12.42) | 0.453 | 9.24 (12.17) | 9.05 (12.70) | 0.572 | 0.378 | 0.350 | 0.913 |
| ER visits | 2.39 (6.00) | 2.19 (6.07) | 0.242 | 2.50 (6.23) | 2.08 (5.48) | 0.009 | 0.643 | 0.635 | 0.319 |
| Inpatient stays | 0.36 (0.85) | 0.29 (0.89) | 0.025 | 0.40 (1.35) | 0.37 (0.97) | 0.267 | 0.280 | 0.046 | 0.402 |
Note: All values in this table given as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.
aMcNemar’s test for categorical variables; paired t-test for continuous variables.
bRao-Scott chi-square test for categorical variables; general estimating equations for continuous variables.
cP value corresponds to the period × cohort interaction.
dInflation-adjusted to 2012 dollars.
eExact binomial test.
fDifference-in-differences P value could not be calculated using logistic regression for this variable because at least 1 cell had a value of 100.0%.
ER = emergency room; SD = standard deviation.