TABLE 1.
Study Population Characteristics
| Characteristic | Full Study Cohort | Adherent (Year 1) | Nonadherent (Year 1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| 148,544 | 93,928 | 54,616 | |
| Age, years, mean (SD)a | 62.2 (10.98) | 62.6 (10.5) | 61.5 (11.7) |
| <35 | 1,338 (0.9) | 531 (0.6) | 807 (1.5) |
| 35-44 | 7,631 (5.1) | 4,078 (4.3) | 3,553 (6.5) |
| 45-54 | 25,701 (17.3) | 15,197 (16.2) | 10,504 (19.2) |
| 55-64 | 60,583 (40.8) | 40,036 (42.6) | 20,547 (37.6) |
| 65-74 | 32,825 (22.1) | 21,296 (22.7) | 11,529 (21.1) |
| 75-84 | 17,992 (12.1) | 11,328 (12.1) | 6,664 (12.2) |
| 85+ | 2,474 (1.7) | 1,462 (1.6) | 1,012 (1.9) |
| Male | 142,054 (95.6) | 90,212 (96.0) | 51,842 (94.9) |
| Raceb | |||
| White | 104,369 (78.4) | 68,679 (81.4) | 35,690 (73.3) |
| African American | 24,216 (18.2) | 13,012 (15.4) | 11,204 (23.0) |
| Asian | 1,168 (0.9) | 700 (0.8) | 468 (1.0) |
| Native American | 1,480 (1.1) | 846 (1.0) | 634 (1.3) |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1,841 (1.4) | 1,116 (1.3) | 725 (1.5) |
| Marital statusb | |||
| Married | 86,377 (58.9) | 55,714 (60.0) | 30,663 (56.9) |
| Divorced/separated | 37,455 (25.5) | 22,793 (24.6) | 14,662 (27.2) |
| Single/never married | 11,922 (8.1) | 7,119 (7.7) | 4,803 (8.9) |
| Widowed | 10,993 (7.5) | 7,185 (7.7) | 3,808 (7.1) |
| Regionb | |||
| Northeast | 18,311 (12.4) | 11,464 (12.3) | 6,847 (12.6) |
| Midwest | 33,974 (23.0) | 22,600 (24.2) | 11,374 (20.9) |
| South | 66,635 (45.1) | 41,550 (44.4) | 25,085 (46.1) |
| West | 28,950 (19.6) | 17,896 (19.1) | 11,054 (20.3) |
| Population densityb | |||
| Urban | 89,451 (60.5) | 54,744 (58.5) | 34,707 (63.8) |
| Rural | 56,348 (38.1) | 37,367 (39.9) | 18,981 (34.9) |
| Highly rural | 2,182 (1.5) | 1,449 (1.5) | 733 (1.3) |
| Initial oral medication | |||
| Metformin | 99,148 (66.8) | 60,678 (64.6) | 38,470 (70.4) |
| Sulfonylurea | 44,446 (29.9) | 29,856 (31.8) | 14,590 (26.7) |
| TZD | 2,863 (1.9) | 2,204 (2.3) | 659 (1.2) |
| Combination | 1,616 (1.1) | 940 (1.0) | 676 (1.2) |
| All othersc | 471 (0.3) | 250 (0.3) | 221 (0.4) |
| A1c, mean (SD)a | 7.3 (1.53) | 7.4 (1.6) | 7.2 (1.4) |
| Comorbiditiesd | |||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.63) | 0.4 (0.63) | 0.4 (0.62) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8,576 (5.8) | 5,575 (5.9) | 3,001 (5.5) |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 6,396 (4.3) | 4,145 (4.4) | 2,251 (4.1) |
| Congestive heart failure | 6,315 (4.3) | 4,194 (4.5) | 2,121 (3.9) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 28,632 (19.3) | 18,313 (19.5) | 10,319 (18.9) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 6,650 (4.5) | 4,307 (4.6) | 2,343 (4.3) |
aMeasured at/near treatment initiation.
bMissing values: Race = 15,470; Marital status = 1,797; Region = 674; Population density = 563.
cIncludes alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT-2 inhibitors.
dMeasured at diabetes diagnosis and not including the value applied to diabetes mellitus.
A1c = hemoglobin A1c; DPP-4 = dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SD = standard deviation; SGLT-2 = selective sodium-glucose transporter-2; TZD = thiazolidinediones.