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. 2015 Nov;21(11):10.18553/jmcp.2015.21.11.1077. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2015.21.11.1077
  Any Constipation and/or IBS (Group 1) Constipation, Excludes IBS Without Constipation (Group 2) IBS (Group 3) Opioid-Induced Constipation
Concurrent medication 5.7 (4.5-7.3) 5.7 (4.2-7.5) 6.1 (4.4-8.6) 100.0
Comorbidity 13.3 (11.4-15.6) 13.0 (10.8-15.7) 13.4 (10.2-17.4) 14.6 (6.8-28.6)
Procedure, treatment 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Diagnostic procedure 10.6 (8.1-13.9) 11.7 (8.8-15.4) 8.4 (5.5-12.8) 5.8 (1.8-16.7)

IBS = irritable bowel syndrome.