TABLE 2.
Mean Annual All-Cause and Diabetes-Related Health Care Costs During the Post-Index Year
| Persistent with MDI (n = 2,723) | Nonpersistent with MDI (n = 8,169) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause health care costs | |||
| Inpatient, mean (SD)a | $4,354 (24,333) | $6,946 (38,258) | 0.0223 |
| Outpatient, mean (SD)b | $9,145 (29,358) | $10,417 (29,620) | < 0.0001 |
| Median (IQR) | $3,241 (1,276-8,474) | $3,371 (1,284-9,248) | |
| ED, mean (SD)a | $465 (1,931) | $506 (2,072) | 0.51 |
| Total costs, mean (SD) | $13,499 (41,434) | $17,362 (53,250) | < 0.0001 |
| Median (IQR) | $3,357 (1,281-10,436) | $3,633 (1,305-12,412) | |
| Diabetes-related health care costs | |||
| Inpatient, mean (SD)a | $2,974 (15,131) | $4,736 (28,780) | 0.0434 |
| Outpatient, mean (SD)b | $3,417 (8,599) | $3,640 (9,766) | 0.0388 |
| Median (IQR) | $1,103 (564-2,681) | $1,093 (518-2,824) | |
| ED, mean (SD)a | $290 (1,503) | $296 (1,343) | 0.91 |
| Total diabetes-related costs, mean (SD) | $6,392 (18,769) | $8,376 (32,558) | < 0.0001 |
| Median (IQR) | $1,171 (579-3,329) | $1,170 (537-3,949) | |
| Inpatient costs for hospitalized patients | n = 299 (11.0%) | n = 1,196 (14.6%) | < 0.0001 |
| Mean (SD) | $39,651 (63,277) | $47,440 (89,898) | 0.0081 |
| Median (IQR) | $21,466 (11,350-44,608) | $23,562 (12,147-49,107) | |
| Diabetes-related inpatient costs | n = 247 (9.1%) | n = 946 (11.6%) | 0.0003 |
| Mean (SD) | $32,790 (39,391) | $40,897 (75,358) | 0.0020 |
| Median (IQR) | $19,754 (10,471-39,462) | $21,677 (11,427-41,598) | |
Note: Costs were in 2015 U.S. dollars.
aMedian inpatient and ED costs were $0.
bOutpatient costs included ED costs.
ED = emergency department; IQR = interquartile range; MDI = multiple daily insulin injections; SD = standard deviation.