Figure 1. Schematic of different kinds of organoids. 3D patient-derived organoids (PDOs) obtained from the patient’s tumor mimic the TME of the patient with higher survival rates. 2D cell culture monolayer models lack stromal compartments and are unable to assist in the growth of normal cell lines used as controls. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are useful for drug testing due to their dynamic framework and shape, providing valuable information on tumor tissue metabolism and drug efficacy.