Table 1. Characteristics and Prognosis of HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF.
| HFrEF | HFmrEF | HFpEF | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | |||
| Age | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑↑ |
| Women | ↓↓ | ↓ | ↑ |
| Ischaemic heart disease | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑ |
| AF | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑↑ |
| Hypertension | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑↑ |
| Diabetes | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ |
| Chronic kidney disease | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑↑ |
| Natriuretic peptide levels | ↑↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Valvular heart disease | |||
| Mitral regurgitation | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ |
| Tricuspid regurgitation | ↑ | ↑ | ↑↑ |
| Aortic stenosis | ↑ | ↑ | ↑↑ |
| Aortic regurgitation | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Prognosis | |||
| Cardiovascular risk | ↑↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Non-cardiovascular risk | ↑ | ↑ | ↑↑ |
↑ denotes higher or more common and ↓ denotes lower or less common than in an age-matched control population, respectively. HFmrEF = heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.