TABLE 1.
Means of demographic and work-related characteristics of crop workers by pesticide exposure
| Variables | (1) Overall | (2) Exposed | (3) Not exposed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wage (2016 USD) | 10.18 | 11.52 | 9.942 |
| (0.0318) | (0.0957) | (0.0325) | |
| Piece rate | 0.0935 | 0.0158 | 0.107 |
| (0.00307) | (0.00342) | (0.00355) | |
| Hourly | 0.847 | 0.860 | 0.845 |
| (0.00386) | (0.00807) | (0.00431) | |
| Female | 0.259 | 0.0794 | 0.290 |
| (0.00556) | (0.00762) | (0.00630) | |
| Age (years) | 36.16 | 38.29 | 35.78 |
| (0.155) | (0.348) | (0.172) | |
| Any health condition | 0.195 | 0.243 | 0.187 |
| (0.00445) | (0.0103) | (0.00490) | |
| Education (years) | 7.996 | 9.050 | 7.810 |
| (0.0494) | (0.0991) | (0.0552) | |
| Farm experience (years) | 12.30 | 16.85 | 11.50 |
| (0.125) | (0.298) | (0.134) | |
| Tenure (years) | 5.834 | 9.022 | 5.274 |
| (0.0718) | (0.204) | (0.0749) | |
| Has spouse in the United States | 0.472 | 0.579 | 0.453 |
| (0.00583) | (0.0128) | (0.00648) | |
| Children (number) | 0.898 | 1.058 | 0.870 |
| (0.0142) | (0.0328) | (0.0157) | |
| Naturalized citizen | 0.0408 | 0.0581 | 0.0377 |
| (0.00188) | (0.00431) | (0.00208) | |
| Green Card or other author | 0.215 | 0.219 | 0.214 |
| (0.00448) | (0.00942) | (0.00500) | |
| Undocumented | 0.493 | 0.301 | 0.526 |
| (0.00585) | (0.0107) | (0.00653) | |
| Speaks English | 0.367 | 0.572 | 0.331 |
| (0.00587) | (0.0120) | (0.00648) | |
| From Mexico | 0.691 | 0.541 | 0.718 |
| (0.00578) | (0.0129) | (0.00634) | |
| Field crops | 0.144 | 0.298 | 0.117 |
| (0.00389) | (0.0116) | (0.00401) | |
| Fruit crops | 0.335 | 0.297 | 0.341 |
| (0.00550) | (0.0105) | (0.00618) | |
| Horticulture | 0.216 | 0.218 | 0.216 |
| (0.00508) | (0.0118) | (0.00561) | |
| Vegetables | 0.263 | 0.129 | 0.286 |
| (0.00518) | (0.00858) | (0.00587) | |
| Misc. crop | 0.0422 | 0.0583 | 0.0394 |
| (0.00197) | (0.00519) | (0.00212) | |
| Pre-harvest | 0.252 | 0.222 | 0.257 |
| (0.00550) | (0.00972) | (0.00622) | |
| Harvest | 0.226 | 0.107 | 0.246 |
| (0.00457) | (0.00747) | (0.00521) | |
| Post-harvest | 0.169 | 0.0736 | 0.186 |
| (0.00472) | (0.00711) | (0.00538) | |
| Semi-skill | 0.242 | 0.459 | 0.204 |
| (0.00466) | (0.0127) | (0.00474) | |
| Supervisor or other task | 0.112 | 0.137 | 0.107 |
| (0.00356) | (0.00758) | (0.00397) | |
| California | 0.355 | 0.254 | 0.372 |
| (0.00524) | (0.00922) | (0.00593) | |
| East | 0.139 | 0.123 | 0.142 |
| (0.00397) | (0.00832) | (0.00444) | |
| Southeast | 0.119 | 0.172 | 0.110 |
| (0.00354) | (0.0105) | (0.00370) | |
| Midwest | 0.167 | 0.168 | 0.167 |
| (0.00565) | (0.0113) | (0.00634) | |
| Southwest | 0.0779 | 0.128 | 0.0692 |
| (0.00289) | (0.00811) | (0.00307) | |
| Northwest | 0.143 | 0.156 | 0.141 |
| (0.00405) | (0.00864) | (0.00452) | |
| Observations | 32,242 | 6369 | 25,873 |
Source: NAWS and author calculations, standard errors in parentheses.