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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 3.
Published in final edited form as: Appl Econ Perspect Policy. 2021 Sep 21;44(4):2087–2114. doi: 10.1002/aepp.13194

TABLE 2.

Probit relationships between pesticide exposure and probability of health conditions, by pay basis and legal status

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Variables All All Piece rate Piece rate Hourly Hourly Undocumented Undocumented Documented Documented
Pesticides 0.0286*** 0.0262** 0.0125 0.00779 0.0288** 0.0272** 0.0362** 0.0426*** 0.0242 0.0193
(0.0109) (0.0112) (0.0678) (0.0591) (0.0119) (0.0122) (0.0142) (0.0151) (0.0162) (0.0165)
Female 0.104*** 0.102*** 0.0966*** 0.0781*** 0.103*** 0.104*** 0.111*** 0.106*** 0.0905*** 0.0903***
(0.0124) (0.0124) (0.0301) (0.0279) (0.0134) (0.0135) (0.0147) (0.0144) (0.0194) (0.0193)
Age (years) 0.00610*** 0.00612*** 0.00295*** 0.00325*** 0.00641*** 0.00641*** 0.00433*** 0.00425*** 0.00779*** 0.00797***
(0.000499) (0.000491) (0.000924) (0.000885) (0.000554) (0.000544) (0.000512) (0.000492) (0.000824) (0.000833)
Education (years) 0.000152 5.46e-05 0.00279 0.00237 0.000648 0.000411 0.00151 0.00121 0.00202 0.00190
(0.00140) (0.00140) (0.00306) (0.00281) (0.00157) (0.00158) (0.00136) (0.00134) (0.00252) (0.00248)
Farm experience (years) 0.000713 0.000568 0.00374*** 0.00376*** 0.000438 0.000273 2.23e–05 3.62e–05 0.000708 0.000598
(0.000593) (0.000596) (0.00130) (0.00122) (0.000662) (0.000663) (0.000758) (0.000763) (0.000915) (0.000936)
Tenure (years) 0.000817 0.000828 0.000741 0.00142 0.000653 0.000697 0.00248** 0.00268** 0.000537 0.000519
(0.000629) (0.000626) (0.00185) (0.00177) (0.000719) (0.000713) (0.00108) (0.00106) (0.000874) (0.000868)
Has spouse in the United States 0.0361*** 0.0352*** 0.0474** 0.0317 0.0346*** 0.0346*** 0.0270** 0.0287** 0.0420** 0.0377**
(0.0105) (0.0105) (0.0230) (0.0213) (0.0119) (0.0118) (0.0119) (0.0115) (0.0169) (0.0168)
Children (number) 0.00367 0.00421 0.0139* 0.0121* 0.00431 0.00485 0.00454 0.00511 0.00483 0.00528
(0.00361) (0.00359) (0.00781) (0.00727) (0.00402) (0.00398) (0.00410) (0.00400) (0.00596) (0.00589)
Naturalized citizen 0.0642** 0.0558* 0.0464 0.0529 0.0790** 0.0728** 0.0771* 0.0753*
(0.0294) (0.0293) (0.0487) (0.0406) (0.0330) (0.0331) (0.0413) (0.0417)
Green Card or other author 0.00829 0.0149 0.0326 0.0399 0.00581 0.000178 0.0147 0.0167
(0.0234) (0.0231) (0.0498) (0.0429) (0.0263) (0.0262) (0.0384) (0.0382)
Undocumented 0.0445* 0.0512** 0.0423 0.0299 0.0362 0.0421
(0.0244) (0.0248) (0.0638) (0.0580) (0.0266) (0.0271)
Speaks English 0.0176 0.0168 0.0408* 0.0344 0.0221 0.0211 0.00748 0.00583 0.0254 0.0237
(0.0135) (0.0134) (0.0218) (0.0220) (0.0151) (0.0148) (0.0164) (0.0149) (0.0202) (0.0202)
From Mexico 0.0591*** 0.0575*** 0.0707 0.0830 0.0622*** 0.0623*** 0.0414* 0.0455* 0.0764** 0.0815**
(0.0204) (0.0215) (0.0613) (0.0581) (0.0220) (0.0234) (0.0236) (0.0239) (0.0330) (0.0341)
Crop, task, year and region fixed effects? No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
Observations 32,936 32,936 2986 2986 27,522 27,522 16,461 16,461 16,474 16,474

Source: NAWS and author calculations, robust standard errors in parentheses.

***

p < 0.01.

**

p < 0.05.

*

p < 0.1.