TABLE 2.
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | All | All | Piece rate | Piece rate | Hourly | Hourly | Undocumented | Undocumented | Documented | Documented |
Pesticides | 0.0286*** | 0.0262** | 0.0125 | 0.00779 | 0.0288** | 0.0272** | 0.0362** | 0.0426*** | 0.0242 | 0.0193 |
(0.0109) | (0.0112) | (0.0678) | (0.0591) | (0.0119) | (0.0122) | (0.0142) | (0.0151) | (0.0162) | (0.0165) | |
Female | 0.104*** | 0.102*** | 0.0966*** | 0.0781*** | 0.103*** | 0.104*** | 0.111*** | 0.106*** | 0.0905*** | 0.0903*** |
(0.0124) | (0.0124) | (0.0301) | (0.0279) | (0.0134) | (0.0135) | (0.0147) | (0.0144) | (0.0194) | (0.0193) | |
Age (years) | 0.00610*** | 0.00612*** | 0.00295*** | 0.00325*** | 0.00641*** | 0.00641*** | 0.00433*** | 0.00425*** | 0.00779*** | 0.00797*** |
(0.000499) | (0.000491) | (0.000924) | (0.000885) | (0.000554) | (0.000544) | (0.000512) | (0.000492) | (0.000824) | (0.000833) | |
Education (years) | 0.000152 | 5.46e-05 | 0.00279 | 0.00237 | 0.000648 | 0.000411 | 0.00151 | 0.00121 | 0.00202 | 0.00190 |
(0.00140) | (0.00140) | (0.00306) | (0.00281) | (0.00157) | (0.00158) | (0.00136) | (0.00134) | (0.00252) | (0.00248) | |
Farm experience (years) | 0.000713 | 0.000568 | 0.00374*** | 0.00376*** | 0.000438 | 0.000273 | 2.23e–05 | 3.62e–05 | 0.000708 | 0.000598 |
(0.000593) | (0.000596) | (0.00130) | (0.00122) | (0.000662) | (0.000663) | (0.000758) | (0.000763) | (0.000915) | (0.000936) | |
Tenure (years) | 0.000817 | 0.000828 | 0.000741 | 0.00142 | 0.000653 | 0.000697 | 0.00248** | 0.00268** | 0.000537 | 0.000519 |
(0.000629) | (0.000626) | (0.00185) | (0.00177) | (0.000719) | (0.000713) | (0.00108) | (0.00106) | (0.000874) | (0.000868) | |
Has spouse in the United States | 0.0361*** | 0.0352*** | 0.0474** | 0.0317 | 0.0346*** | 0.0346*** | 0.0270** | 0.0287** | 0.0420** | 0.0377** |
(0.0105) | (0.0105) | (0.0230) | (0.0213) | (0.0119) | (0.0118) | (0.0119) | (0.0115) | (0.0169) | (0.0168) | |
Children (number) | 0.00367 | 0.00421 | 0.0139* | 0.0121* | 0.00431 | 0.00485 | 0.00454 | 0.00511 | 0.00483 | 0.00528 |
(0.00361) | (0.00359) | (0.00781) | (0.00727) | (0.00402) | (0.00398) | (0.00410) | (0.00400) | (0.00596) | (0.00589) | |
Naturalized citizen | 0.0642** | 0.0558* | 0.0464 | 0.0529 | 0.0790** | 0.0728** | 0.0771* | 0.0753* | ||
(0.0294) | (0.0293) | (0.0487) | (0.0406) | (0.0330) | (0.0331) | (0.0413) | (0.0417) | |||
Green Card or other author | 0.00829 | 0.0149 | 0.0326 | 0.0399 | 0.00581 | 0.000178 | 0.0147 | 0.0167 | ||
(0.0234) | (0.0231) | (0.0498) | (0.0429) | (0.0263) | (0.0262) | (0.0384) | (0.0382) | |||
Undocumented | 0.0445* | 0.0512** | 0.0423 | 0.0299 | 0.0362 | 0.0421 | ||||
(0.0244) | (0.0248) | (0.0638) | (0.0580) | (0.0266) | (0.0271) | |||||
Speaks English | 0.0176 | 0.0168 | 0.0408* | 0.0344 | 0.0221 | 0.0211 | 0.00748 | 0.00583 | 0.0254 | 0.0237 |
(0.0135) | (0.0134) | (0.0218) | (0.0220) | (0.0151) | (0.0148) | (0.0164) | (0.0149) | (0.0202) | (0.0202) | |
From Mexico | 0.0591*** | 0.0575*** | 0.0707 | 0.0830 | 0.0622*** | 0.0623*** | 0.0414* | 0.0455* | 0.0764** | 0.0815** |
(0.0204) | (0.0215) | (0.0613) | (0.0581) | (0.0220) | (0.0234) | (0.0236) | (0.0239) | (0.0330) | (0.0341) | |
Crop, task, year and region fixed effects? | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Observations | 32,936 | 32,936 | 2986 | 2986 | 27,522 | 27,522 | 16,461 | 16,461 | 16,474 | 16,474 |
Source: NAWS and author calculations, robust standard errors in parentheses.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.1.