. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 3.

Published in final edited form as: Appl Econ Perspect Policy. 2021 Sep 21;44(4):2087–2114. doi: 10.1002/aepp.13194

TABLE 4.

Impacts on ln(wages) of pesticide exposure and legal status interactions

Variables	All	All	Piece rate	Piece rate	Hourly	Hourly
Pesticides	0.0975^***	0.111^***	0.163^**	0.0692	0.0757^***	0.0869^***
	(0.0146)	(0.0135)	(0.0814)	(0.105)	(0.0150)	(0.0138)
Pesticide^*Naturalized citizen	0.0407	0.0431	1.324^***	1.314^***	0.0281	0.0261
	(0.0333)	(0.0319)	(0.302)	(0.315)	(0.0251)	(0.0225)
Pesticide^*Green Card/ other author	0.0767^***	0.0725^***	0.0415	0.124	0.0253	0.0304^*
	(0.0190)	(0.0176)	(0.104)	(0.155)	(0.0185)	(0.0166)
Pesticide*Undocumented	0.0650^***	0.0660^***	0.215	0.120	0.0271^*	0.0388^**
	(0.0176)	(0.0172)	(0.151)	(0.159)	(0.0164)	(0.0154)
Female	0.0755^***	0.0723^***	0.123^**	0.126^***	0.0557^***	0.0550^***
	(0.00718)	(0.00755)	(0.0519)	(0.0356)	(0.00504)	(0.00484)
Age (years)	3.77e-05	8.20e-05	0.00454^***	0.00412^***	0.000602^***	0.000484^**
	(0.000255)	(0.000249)	(0.00151)	(0.00135)	(0.000225)	(0.000205)
Education (years)	0.00999^***	0.00907^***	0.0215^**	0.0167^**	0.00779^***	0.00603^***
	(0.00133)	(0.00142)	(0.00940)	(0.00673)	(0.000674)	(0.000627)
Farm experience (years)	0.00204^***	0.00170^***	0.00574^**	0.00584^**	0.000700^**	0.000576^*
	(0.000401)	(0.000396)	(0.00267)	(0.00256)	(0.000334)	(0.000295)
Tenure (years)	0.00649^***	0.00660^***	0.00986^***	0.0113^***	0.00677^***	0.00642^***
	(0.000498)	(0.000474)	(0.00294)	(0.00285)	(0.000457)	(0.000427)
Has spouse in the United States	0.0499^***	0.0471^***	0.0224	0.00990	0.0494^***	0.0438^***
	(0.00641)	(0.00616)	(0.0385)	(0.0339)	(0.00507)	(0.00468)
Children (number)	0.0106^***	0.00993^***	0.00605	0.0116	0.00904^***	0.00840^***
	(0.00248)	(0.00227)	(0.0171)	(0.0123)	(0.00188)	(0.00175)
Naturalized citizen	0.0243	0.0186	1.129^***	1.203^***	0.0385^*	0.0326
	(0.0321)	(0.0308)	(0.301)	(0.309)	(0.0231)	(0.0205)
Green Card or other author	0.0558^**	0.0511^**	0.0744	0.0934	0.0152	0.0153
	(0.0222)	(0.0210)	(0.115)	(0.156)	(0.0194)	(0.0174)
Undocumented	0.0555^**	0.0655^***	0.205	0.0781	0.0154	0.0324^*
	(0.0216)	(0.0218)	(0.168)	(0.165)	(0.0184)	(0.0174)
Speaks English	0.0259^***	0.0226^***	0.0829	0.0849^*	0.0412^***	0.0345^***
	(0.00807)	(0.00759)	(0.0555)	(0.0485)	(0.00619)	(0.00574)
From Mexico	0.0103	0.0282^***	0.00672	0.0370	0.0192^**	0.0334^***
	(0.0107)	(0.0103)	(0.0610)	(0.0631)	(0.00832)	(0.00789)
Constant	2.107^***	2.234^***	2.272^***	2.881^***	2.081^***	2.235^***
	(0.0204)	(0.0222)	(0.128)	(0.264)	(0.0143)	(0.0167)
Crop, task, year, and region fixed effects?	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
R ²	0.166	0.231	0.111	0.230	0.227	0.342

Source: NAWS and author calculations, robust standard errors in parentheses.

^***

p < 0.01.

^**

p < 0.05.

p < 0.1.