Fig. 4.

Incremental costs from delaying large-scale vaccination and screening program compared with no-delay scenario (vaccination initiated in 2022 and HPV 2030 screening scenario), with 3% discounting. Net costs and cost components of cervical cancer prevention and treatment are for vaccination with (a) domestic 2vHPV; (b) imported 2vHPV; (c) 4vHPV; and (d) 9vHPV vaccines. Positive values indicate increased costs and negative values indicate reduced costs. The different colored bars indicate additional costs for each component, and the blue points indicate total additional costs. Error bars represent the 80% uncertainty intervals of total additional costs. “HPV 2030”, “HPV 2050”, and “HPV 2070” screening scenarios represent switching to HPV-based screening at 5-year intervals in 2022, with linearly increasing age-specific uptake from status quo in 2021, to 70% in 2030 (rapid), 2050 (moderate), and 2070 (gradual), respectively, followed by a 1% increase every year till 90% is reached. “LBC 2030”, “LBC 2050”, and “LBC 2070” screening scenarios represent maintaining LBC-based screening at 3-year intervals, with the corresponding rapid, moderate, and gradual increase in age-specific uptake. HPV, human papillomavirus; LBC, liquid-based cytology.