TABLE 1.
PSM-Adjusted Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes
| Apixaban Cohort n = 38,740 | Warfarin Cohort n = 38,740 | Apixaban Cohort n = 20,790 | Dabigatran Cohort n = 20,790 | Apixaban Cohort n = 38,820 | Rivaroxaban Cohort n = 38,820 | |||||||
| n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | |
| Age (years) | 78.3 | 7.4 | 78.2 | 7.3 | 77.2 | 7.2 | 77.1 | 7.0 | 78.3 | 7.4 | 78.3 | 7.2 |
| 65-74 | 13,578 | 35.0% | 13,888 | 35.8% | 8,529 | 41.0% | 8,435 | 40.6% | 13,644 | 35.1% | 13,596 | 35.0% |
| 75-84 | 16,407 | 42.4% | 16,179 | 41.8% | 8,707 | 41.9% | 8,796 | 42.3% | 16,454 | 42.4% | 16,523 | 42.6% |
| ≥ 85 | 8,755 | 22.6% | 8,673 | 22.4% | 3,554 | 17.1% | 3,559 | 17.1% | 8,722 | 22.5% | 8,701 | 22.4% |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 18,365 | 47.4% | 18,179 | 46.9% | 10,417 | 50.1% | 10,503 | 50.5% | 18,414 | 47.4% | 18,334 | 47.2% |
| Female | 20,375 | 52.6% | 20,561 | 53.1% | 10,373 | 49.9% | 10,287 | 49.5% | 20,406 | 52.6% | 20,486 | 52.8% |
| U.S. geographic region | ||||||||||||
| Northeast | 7,107 | 18.3% | 7,191 | 18.6% | 4,130 | 19.9% | 4,183 | 20.1% | 7,098 | 18.3% | 7,052 | 18.2% |
| North Central | 8,114 | 20.9% | 7,987 | 20.6% | 4,805 | 23.1% | 4,827 | 23.2% | 8,110 | 20.9% | 8,167 | 21.0% |
| South | 17,227 | 44.5% | 17,367 | 44.8% | 7,997 | 38.5% | 7,980 | 38.4% | 17,318 | 44.6% | 17,307 | 44.6% |
| West | 6,266 | 16.2% | 6,164 | 15.9% | 3,848 | 18.5% | 3,790 | 18.2% | 6,268 | 16.1% | 6,245 | 16.1% |
| Other | 26 | 0.1% | 31 | 0.1% | 10 | 0.1% | 10 | 0.1% | 26 | 0.1% | 49 | 0.1% |
| Baseline comorbidity | ||||||||||||
| Baseline Charlson Comorbidity Index score | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.5 |
| 0-1 | 15,365 | 39.7% | 15,094 | 39.0% | 9,127 | 43.9% | 8,955 | 43.1% | 15,451 | 39.8% | 15,293 | 39.4% |
| 2-3 | 11,618 | 30.0% | 11,639 | 30.0% | 6,175 | 29.7% | 6,373 | 30.7% | 11,640 | 30.0% | 11,865 | 30.6% |
| ≥ 4 | 11,757 | 30.3% | 12,007 | 31.0% | 5,488 | 26.4% | 5,462 | 26.2% | 11,729 | 30.2% | 11,662 | 30.0% |
| Baseline CHADS2 scorea | 2.7 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.4 |
| 0 = low risk | 1,453 | 3.8% | 1,474 | 3.8% | 1,024 | 4.9% | 986 | 4.7% | 1,455 | 3.7% | 1,450 | 3.7% |
| 1 = moderate risk | 6,548 | 16.9% | 6,286 | 16.2% | 3,881 | 18.7% | 3,867 | 18.6% | 6,592 | 17.0% | 6,577 | 16.9% |
| 2 = high risk | 11,279 | 29.1% | 11,163 | 28.8% | 6,298 | 30.3% | 6,251 | 30.1% | 11,318 | 29.2% | 11,263 | 29.0% |
| ≥ 2 = high risk | 19,460 | 50.2% | 19,817 | 51.2% | 9,587 | 46.1% | 9,686 | 46.6% | 19,455 | 50.1% | 19,530 | 50.3% |
| Baseline CHA2DS2-VASc scoreb | 4.6 | 1.7 | 4.6 | 1.7 | 4.3 | 1.7 | 4.4 | 1.7 | 4.5 | 1.7 | 4.6 | 1.7 |
| 0 = low risk | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
| 1 = moderate risk | 729 | 1.9% | 683 | 1.8% | 538 | 2.6% | 539 | 2.6% | 727 | 1.9% | 686 | 1.8% |
| 2 = high risk | 3,549 | 9.2% | 3,410 | 8.8% | 2,279 | 11.0% | 2,260 | 10.9% | 3,568 | 9.2% | 3,590 | 9.2% |
| ≥ 2 = high risk | 34,462 | 89.0% | 34,647 | 89.4% | 17,973 | 86.5% | 17,991 | 86.5% | 34,525 | 88.9% | 34,544 | 89.0% |
| Baseline HAS-BLED scorec | 3.2 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 1.2 |
| 0 = low risk | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
| 1-2 = moderate risk | 12,002 | 31.0% | 11,602 | 29.9% | 7,498 | 36.1% | 7,406 | 35.6% | 12,027 | 31.0% | 12,197 | 31.4% |
| ≥ 2 = high risk | 26,738 | 69.0% | 27,138 | 70.1% | 13,292 | 63.9% | 13,384 | 64.4% | 26,793 | 69.0% | 26,623 | 68.6% |
| Baseline prior bleed | 7,914 | 20.4% | 8,065 | 20.8% | 3,882 | 18.7% | 3,858 | 18.6% | 7,906 | 20.4% | 7,922 | 20.4% |
| Baseline prior stroke | 4,742 | 12.2% | 4,928 | 12.7% | 2,338 | 11.2% | 2,353 | 11.3% | 4,729 | 12.2% | 4,769 | 12.3% |
| Congestive heart failure | 11,277 | 29.1% | 11,545 | 29.8% | 5,656 | 27.2% | 5,688 | 27.4% | 11,246 | 29.0% | 11,234 | 28.9% |
| Diabetes | 13,850 | 35.8% | 14,007 | 36.2% | 7,557 | 36.3% | 7,572 | 36.4% | 13,855 | 35.7% | 13,935 | 35.9% |
| Hypertension | 34,117 | 88.1% | 34,357 | 88.7% | 17,970 | 86.4% | 18,004 | 86.6% | 34,195 | 88.1% | 34,173 | 88.0% |
| Renal disease | 9,158 | 23.6% | 9,344 | 24.1% | 3,906 | 18.8% | 3,893 | 18.7% | 9,107 | 23.5% | 9,086 | 23.4% |
| Myocardial infarction | 4,895 | 12.6% | 4,979 | 12.9% | 2,234 | 10.7% | 2,243 | 10.8% | 4,891 | 12.6% | 4,895 | 12.6% |
| Dyspepsia or stomach discomfort | 8,164 | 21.1% | 8,427 | 21.8% | 3,983 | 19.2% | 4,031 | 19.4% | 8,193 | 21.1% | 8,155 | 21.0% |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 21,370 | 55.2% | 21,683 | 56.0% | 10,713 | 51.5% | 10,692 | 51.4% | 21,432 | 55.2% | 21,387 | 55.1% |
| Transient ischemic attack | 3,032 | 7.8% | 3,117 | 8.0% | 1,528 | 7.3% | 1,513 | 7.3% | 3,032 | 7.8% | 3,100 | 8.0% |
| Coronary artery disease | 18,572 | 47.9% | 18,876 | 48.7% | 9,288 | 44.7% | 9,214 | 44.3% | 18,626 | 48.0% | 18,597 | 47.9% |
| Baseline medication use | ||||||||||||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 14,261 | 36.8% | 14,410 | 37.2% | 7,928 | 38.1% | 7,972 | 38.3% | 14,289 | 36.8% | 14,349 | 37.0% |
| Amiodarone | 3,248 | 8.4% | 3,193 | 8.2% | 1,599 | 7.7% | 1,631 | 7.8% | 3,303 | 8.5% | 3,253 | 8.4% |
| Angiotensin receptor | 10,467 | 27.0% | 10,538 | 27.2% | 5,227 | 25.1% | 5,248 | 25.2% | 10,550 | 27.2% | 10,552 | 27.2% |
| Baseline medication use | ||||||||||||
| Beta blockers | 21,834 | 56.4% | 21,927 | 56.6% | 11,100 | 53.4% | 11,175 | 53.8% | 21,899 | 56.4% | 22,071 | 56.9% |
| H2-receptor antagonist | 2,598 | 6.7% | 2,624 | 6.8% | 1,291 | 6.2% | 1,331 | 6.4% | 2,603 | 6.7% | 2,638 | 6.8% |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 12,475 | 32.2% | 12,646 | 32.6% | 6,126 | 29.5% | 6,137 | 29.5% | 12,524 | 32.3% | 12,473 | 32.1% |
| Antiplatelets | 7,030 | 18.1% | 7,127 | 18.4% | 3,119 | 15.0% | 3,094 | 14.9% | 7,087 | 18.3% | 7,016 | 18.1% |
| Statins | 23,692 | 61.2% | 23,916 | 61.7% | 12,049 | 58.0% | 12,036 | 57.9% | 23,761 | 61.2% | 23,755 | 61.2% |
| Index drug dosed | ||||||||||||
| Standard dose | 28,130 | 72.6% | 16,037 | 77.1% | 16,626 | 80.0% | 28,229 | 72.7% | 24,801 | 63.9% | ||
| Low dose | 10,610 | 27.4% | 4,753 | 22.9% | 4,164 | 20.0% | 10,591 | 27.3% | 14,019 | 36.1% | ||
| Follow-up time (days) | 144.6 | 133.3 | 181.1 | 173.6 | 145.4 | 133.2 | 185.2 | 183.9 | 144.7 | 133.3 | 182.3 | 176.5 |
| Median | 97 | 113 | 98 | 106 | 97 | 117 | ||||||
| Switch during follow-up | 1,461 | 3.8% | 2,553 | 6.6% | 771 | 3.7% | 2,318 | 11.1% | 1,460 | 3.8% | 2,346 | 6.0% |
aCHADS2: congestive heart failure, hypertension, aged ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, or venous thromboembolism.
bCHA2DS2-VASc: congestive heart failure, hypertension, aged ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism, vascular disease, aged 65-74 years, sex category.
cHAS-BLED: hypertension, abnormal renal and liver function, stroke, bleeding, labile international normalized ratios, elderly, drugs and alcohol.
dStandard dose: 5 mg twice a day apixaban, 150 mg twice a day dabigatran, 20 mg every day rivaroxaban; low dose: 2.5 mg twice a day apixaban, 75 mg twice a day dabigatran, 10 mg or 15 mg every day rivaroxaban.
PSM = propensity score matching; SD = standard deviation.