Table 3.
Results of (random-effects) meta-analysis of longitudinal studies reporting mean raw test scores
| Test | k | Est. (SE) | 95% CI | z-value (P) | (SE) | 95% CI | Q-value (P) | -statistic | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE | 14 | 1658 | −0.112 (0.153) | (−0.413;0.188) | −0.732 (.464) | 0.301 (0.129) | (0.145;0.825) | 210.962 (<.001)* | 96.8 |
| MOCA | 2 | 214 | −0.085 (0.068) | (−0.218;0.048) | −1.257 (.209) | 0 (0.039) | (0;6.688) | 0.237 (.627) | 0 |
| Coding/substitution | 5 | 75 | 0.039 (0.141) | (−0.238;0.316) | 0.277 (.782) | 0.033 (0.070) | (0;1.240) | 6.730 (.151) | 33.3 |
| TMT A | 5 | 135 | 0.205 (0.097) | (0.014;0.396) | 2.101 (.036)* | 0.007 (0.034) | (0;0.389) | 4.152 (.386) | 13.6 |
| Digit span forward | 4 | 228 | −0.266 (0.275) | (−0.804;0.273) | −0.967 (.334) | 0.265 (0.246) | (0.062;4.409) | 39.252 (<.001)* | 91.9 |
| Semantic fluency | 5 | 280 | −0.502 (0.265) | (−1.021;0.017) | −1.895 (.058) | 0.322 (0.248) | (0.101;2.657) | 88.992 (<.001)* | 92.9 |
| Phonemic fluency | 8 | 368 | −0.164 (0.425) | (−0.998;0.669) | −0.386 (.699) | 1.389 (0.773) | (0.575;5.977) | 238.937 (<.001)* | 97.6 |
| Stroop performance interference task | 2 | 48 | −0.118 (0.140) | (−0.392;0.157) | −0.841 (.400) | 0 (0.057) | (0;0.022) | 0.002 (.969) | 0 |
| Stroop speed interference task | 2 | 46 | 0.027 (0.142) | (−0.252;0.306) | 0.190 (.850) | 0 (0.060) | (0;3.741) | 0.088 (.767) | 0 |
| TMT B | 5 | 125 | 0.238 (0.116) | (0.011;0.464) | 2.056 (.040)* | 0.019 (0.047) | (0;0.665) | 5.880 (.208) | 29.1 |
| Matrices | 2 | 42 | 0.388 (0.161) | (0.073;0.704) | 2.411 (.016)* | 0.003 (0.082) | (0;58.835) | 1.061 (.303) | 5.7 |
| Digit span backward | 6 | 258 | −0.212 (0.309) | (−0.817;0.394) | −0.685 (.494) | 0.523 (0.362) | (0.176;3.333) | 105.579 (<.001)* | 93.9 |
| Verbal memory delayed recall | 8 | 263 | 0.188 (0.065) | (0.061;0.315) | 2.907 (.004)* | 0.002 (0.016) | (0;0.414) | 10.025 (.187) | 5.7 |
| Verbal memory delayed recognition | 2 | 98 | 0.035 (0.127) | (−0.214;0.284) | 0.273 (.785) | 0.009 (0.073) | (0;52.255) | 1.199 (.274) | 16.6 |
| Verbal memory immediate | 8 | 192 | 0.129 (0.071) | (−0.009;0.268) | 1.832 (.067) | 0 (0.020) | (0;0.271) | 6.601 (.472) | 0 |
| Visual memory figures delayed | 2 | 88 | 0.271 (0.183) | (−0.087;0.629) | 1.482 (.138) | 0.035 (0.110) | (0;79.131) | 1.810 (.178) | 44.8 |
| Visual memory figures immediate | 3 | 109 | 0.335 (0.188) | (−0.033;0.703) | 1.784 (.074) | 0.066 (0.107) | (0;3.392) | 5.752 (.056) | 63.1 |
| ROCF recall | 2 | 40 | 0.562 (0.244) | (0.083;1.042) | 2.300 (.021)* | 0.060 (0.175) | (0;>100) | 1.926 (.165) | 48.1 |
| Picture naming | 6 | 119 | 0.134 (0.103) | (−0.067;0.336) | 1.309 (.191) | 0.013 (0.039) | (0;0.248) | 5.581 (.349) | 21.1 |
| Reading | 3 | 51 | 0.219 (0.162) | (−0.099;0.536) | 1.351 (.177) | 0.022 (0.080) | (0;2.463) | 2.527 (.283) | 26.9 |
| Token test | 3 | 52 | −0.095 (0.158) | (−0.404;0.214) | −0.601 (.548) | 0.020 (0.075) | (0;3.385) | 2.857 (.240) | 27.0 |
Note. K = number of included studies, = total number of included patients in a meta-analysis, Est. (SE) = Average effect size estimate and standard error, CI = confidence interval, z-value (P) = z-value and two-tailed P-value to test the null-hypothesis of no effect. (SE) = estimated between-study variance in true effect size using the restricted maximum likelihood estimator and corresponding standard error, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval of the between-study variance obtained with the Q-profile method,53Q-value (P) = Q-statistic and p-value to test the null-hypothesis of no between-study variance. -statistic = percentage of variance that can be attributed to between-study variance.
* indicates a P-value <.05. Tests with moderate effect sizes are indicated in bold.