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. 2023 Aug 2;18:560. doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-04025-8

Table 2.

Demographic and descriptive characteristics of the included studies

Author Country LoE Patients (N) Hip (N) Age (ys) Sex (M:F) Stage Etiology (N) Technique of CD Mechanical support Type and Number of Stem Cells Follow-up (years)
SG CG SG CG SG CG SG CG SG CG
JOA
Yamasaki (2010) Japan III 22 8 30 9 41 49 14:8 7:1

I:II:III

2:25:3

I:II:III

30:8:0

SG:

corticosteroids (22):

Alcohol-abuse (6):

Idiopathic (2);

CG:

corticosteroids (2):

Alcohol-abuse (4):

Idiopathic (3)

 Single drilling with a 6 ~ 10 mm bur Interconnected porous calcium hydroxyapatite

BMMSCs

40 ml 1 × 109

 2.5
ARCO
Gangji (2011) Belgium I 10 9 13 11 42.5 45.7 Total: 10:9

I:II

2:11

I:II

2:9

SG:

Corticosteroids (11):

Alcohol-abuse (1):

Idiopathic (1);

CG:

Corticosteroids (9):

Alcohol-abuse (1):

Idiopathic (1)

 Drilling with a 3 mm trephine No mechanical support

BMAC

50 ml 1.9 × 109

 5
Zhao (2012) China I 50 50 53 51 32.7 33.8 27:23 26:24

I:II

3:50

I:II

2:49

SG:

Corticosteroids (11):

Alcohol-abuse (11):

Idiopathic (17):

Trauma (8):

Caisson disease (6);

CG: corticosteroids (13):

Alcohol-abuse (8):

Idiopathic (13):

Trauma (12):

Caisson disease (5)

 Single drilling with 10 mm trephine No mechanical support

BMMSCs

2 ml 2 × 106

 5
Rastogi (2012) India I 40 30 30 34.7 33.0 5:2 3:1 I, II, III

SG:

Corticosteroids (10):

Alcohol-abuse (2):

Idiopathic (14):

Other (4);

CG:

Corticosteroids (8):

Alcohol-abuse (6):

Idiopathic (12):

Other (4)

 Reaming with a 4.5 mm cannulated reamer No mechanical support

BMMCs

5 ml 0.1 × 109

 2
Sen (2012) India I 26 25 26 25 NA 19:7 18:7 I, II

Total:

Corticosteroids (20):

Alcohol-abuse (8):

Idiopathic (2):

Trauma (17):

Pregnancy (2):

Cushing disease (2)

 Triple drilling with 4 mm diameter No mechanical support

BMAC

2 ml 5 × 108

 2
Liu (2013) China III 17 17 28 27 38.0 38.1 13:4 14:3

IIb:IIc

13:15

IIb:IIc

12:15

SG:

Corticosteroids (10):

Alcohol-abuse (15):

Idiopathic (3);

CG:

Corticosteroids (9):

Alcohol-abuse (14):

Idiopathic (4)

 Single drilling with a 10 mm outer diameter Granular porous medical nano-hydroxyapatite / polyamide 66 composite bone filling material

BMMCs

5 ml 0.16 × 109

 2.2
Tabatabaee (2015) Iran I 18 14 14 31.0 26.8 9:5 10:4

I:II:III

3:9:2

I:II:III

2:7:5

SG:

Corticosteroids (10):

Idiopathic (4);

CG:

Corticosteroids (9):

Idiopathic (5)

 Single drilling with 2.7 mm trephine Allograft bone

BMAC

58 ml 0.5 × 109

 2
Mao (2015) China I 30 25 48 41 34.6 36.1 17:13 13:12

I:II:III

8:29:11

I:II:III

10:23:8

SG:

corticosteroids (16); alcohol-abuse (18): idiopathic (14);

CG:

corticosteroids (15):

Alcohol-abuse (14):

Idiopathic (12)

 Single drilling with 14 mm trephine Porous tantalum rod

PBSCs

60 ml 0.25 × 109

 3
Pilge (2016) Germany III 10 10 10 10 38.4 38.3 9:1 8:2

II:III:IV

6:3:1

II:III:IV

6:3:1

SG:

Corticosteroids (4):

Idiopathic (4):

Other (2);

CG:

Corticosteroids (2):

Idiopathic (5):

Other (3);

 NA No mechanical support

BMAC

7-10 ml

 2.5
Pepke (2016) Germany I 24 11 14 44.3 44.5 10:1 12:2

II

11

II

14

 NA Triple drilling with 2 mm Kirschner wire (K-wire) No mechanical support

BMAC

10 ml 1.19 × 109

 2
Kang (2018) Korea III 50 50 53 53 46.0 47.3 36:14 38:12

I:II:III:IV

1:29:19:4

I:II:III:IV

1:29:19:4

SG:

Corticosteroids (5):

Alcohol-abuse (19):

Idiopathic (24):

Other (5);

CG:

corticosteroids (5):

alcohol-abuse (19):

idiopathic (24):

other (5)

 Multiple drilling with 2 mm K-wires No mechanical support

BMMSCs

15 ml 0.2 × 109

 4.3
Hauzeur (2018) Belgium I 19 19 23 23 48.0 49.7 14:5 13:6

III

23

III

23

SG:

corticosteroids (12):

alcohol-abuse (8):

idiopathic (1):

drepanocytosis (2);

CG:

corticosteroids (13):

alcohol-abuse (7):

idiopathic (3)

 Drilling with a 4 mm trephine No mechanical support

BMAC

50 ml 3.46 × 109

 2
Ficat
Lim (2013) Korea III 86 21 128 31 36.3 34.4 69:17 16:5

IIa:IIb:III

42:37:49

IIa:IIb:III

14:9:8

SG:

corticosteroids (48):

alcohol-abuse (20):

idiopathic (15):

other (3);

CG:

corticosteroids (6):

alcohol-abuse (4):

idiopathic (10):

other (1)

 Single drilling with 3 mm trephine No mechanical support

BMAC

30 ml 8.7 × 108

 7.3
Ma (2014) China I 21 18 25 24 35.6 34.8 15:6 13:5

I:II:III

3:17:5

I:II:III

4:15:5

SG:

corticosteroids (13):

alcohol-abuse (4):

idiopathic (6);

CG:

corticosteroids (13):

alcohol-abuse (3):

idiopathic (6)

 Single drilling with 10 mm trephine Autologous bone graft

BMAC

1 ml 3 × 109

 2
Cruz-Pardos (2016) Spain III 45 41 19 42.6 36.7 27:14 14:5

I:II

8:33

I:II

5:11

SG:

corticosteroids (14):

alcohol-abuse (3):

idiopathic (12):

other (8);

CG:

Corticosteroids (6):

alcohol-abuse (5):

idiopathic (6):

other (2)

 Single drilling with 4 mm trephine No mechanical support

BMAC

20 ml

 3.8
Li (2020) China I 17 14 21 20 34.1 38.2 12:5 10:4

II:III

11:10

II:III

11:9

SG:

corticosteroids (10):

alcohol-abuse (6):

idiopathic (5);

CG:

corticosteroids (9):

alcohol-abuse (5):

idiopathic (6)

 Single drilling with 10 mm trephine Autologous bone graft

BMAC

1 ml 3 × 109

 10
Li (2021) China I 17 23 22 29 39.4 35.4 12:5 19:4

I:II:III:IV

1:19:2:0

I:II:III:IV

1:20:6:2

SG:

corticosteroids (8):

alcohol-abuse (5):

idiopathic (9);

CG:

corticosteroids (3):

alcohol-abuse (9):

idiopathic (17)

 Single drilling with 10 mm trephine Autologous bone graft and angioconductive bioceramic rod

BMAC

3 ml

 2
Steinberg
Hernigou (2018) France II 125 125 125 125 total: 36 78:47 78:47

I:II

69:56

 Corticosteroids (125) Single drilling with 4 mm trocard No mechanical support

BMAC

90,000 ± 25,000

 25
Total and weighted averages Asia (12/18), Europe (6/18) I (11/18), II (1/18), III (6/18) 916 1257 / 392:181 312:145 /

Corticosteroids (45%),

alcohol-abuse (21%),

Idiopathic (25%),

Other (9%)

(extracted from the available data)

 Single drilling (14/18), multiple drilling (3/18), NA (1/18) Mechanical support (7/18), no mechanical support (11/18) BMAC (12/18), BMMSCs (3/18), BMMCs (2/18), PBSCs(1/18) 7.5

ARCO Association Research Circulation Osseous, BMAC bone marrow aspirate concentrate, BMMCs bone marrow mononuclear cells, BMMSCs bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, CD core decompression, CG control group, JOA Japanese Orthopaedic Association, LoE level of evidence, PBSCs peripheral blood stem cells, SG stem cell group