Table 4.
Multivariable multi-level multinomial analysis of the factors associated with malnutrition in LMICs
| Variables | Underweight ARRR (95% CI) |
Overweight ARRR (95% CI) |
Obesity ARRR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| 15–24 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25–34 | 0.64 (0.63–0.66)** | 1.94 (1.90–1.97) ** | 2.48 (2.41–2.55) ** |
| 35–49 | 0.53 (0.52–0.54)** | 2.69 (2.64–2.75) ** | 4.18 (4.05–4.31) ** |
| Educational status | |||
| Not educated | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 0.74 (0.73–0.75)** | 1.33 (1.31–1.35) ** | 1.54 (1.50–1.57) ** |
| Secondary | 0.86 (0.85–0.88)** | 1.32 (1.31–1.35) ** | 1.48 (1.44–1.51) ** |
| Higher | 0.68 (0.66–0.69)** | 1.40 (1.37–1.44) ** | 1.39 (1.35–1.44) ** |
| Household wealth status | |||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Poorer | 0.83 (0.81–0.84) ** | 1.24 (1.22–1.27) ** | 1.13 (1.10–1.17) ** |
| Middle | 0.74 (0.73–0.75)** | 1.48 (1.46–1.51) ** | 1.41 (1.37–1.45) ** |
| Richer | 0.67 (0.66–0.68)** | 1.72 (1.68–1.75) ** | 1.72 (1.67–1.77) ** |
| Richest | 0.57 (0.55–0.59)** | 1.98 (1.94–2.02) ** | 2.20 (2.14–2.27) ** |
| Marital status | |||
| Not currently in union | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Currently in union | 1.01 (0.97–1.03) | 1.04 (0.99–1.05) | 1.02 (0.98–1.04) |
| Family size | |||
| ≤ 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 6–10 | 1.12 (1.11–1.14)** | 0.97 (0.94–1.03) | 0.98 (0.96–1.02) |
| > 10 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11)** | 0.96 (0.93–1.01) | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) |
| Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine | |||
| Not at all | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Less than once a week | 1.05 (1.00–1.08) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| At least once a week | 1.03 (0.98–1.06) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) * | 1.05 (0.99–1.08) |
| Almost every day | 0.98 (0.76–1.15) | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 1.13 (0.93–1.37) |
| Frequency of watching television | |||
| Not at all | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Less than once a week | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 1.06 (0.96–1.08) | 1.04 (0.9–1.11) |
| At least once a week | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.52 (1.50–1.54) ** | 2.25 (2.20–2.30) ** |
| Almost every day | 0.78 (0.71–0.86)* | 1.63 (1.52–1.74) ** | 2.81 (2.59–3.05) ** |
| Frequency of listening to radio | |||
| Not at all | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Less than once a week | 0.94 (0.91–1.01) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.10 (0.97–1.19) |
| At least once a week | 0.58 (0.57–0.59)** | 1.34 (1.32–1.36) * | 1.77 (1.73–1.80) ** |
| Almost every day | 0.57 (0.52–0.63)** | 1.23 (1.14–1.32) * | 1.62 (1.48–1.77) ** |
| Sex of household head | |||
| Male | 1 | ||
| Female | 0.96 (0.95–1.09) | 1.03 (0.96–1.05) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) |
| Residence | |||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 1.13 (1.11–1.15)** | 0.78 (0.77–0.79) ** | 0.59 (0.58–0.60) ** |
| Contraceptive use | |||
| Not using | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Use traditional method | 0.96 (0.93–1.02) | 1.09 (0.95–1.11)** | 0.97 (0.89–1.12)** |
| Use modern method | 0.92 (0.90–0.93)* | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.15 (1.12–1.17) ** |
| Currently breastfeeding | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.78 (0.77–0.79)** | 0.69 (0.68–0.71)** |
| Parity | |||
| Nulliparous | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primiparous | 0.61 (0.59–0.62)** | 1.75 (1.71–1.79) ** | 1.99 (1.93–2.06) ** |
| Multiparous | 0.64 (0.62–0.65) ** | 1.91 (1.87–1.95) ** | 2.47 (2.39–2.54) ** |
| Grand Multiparous | 0.67 (0.65–0.69) ** | 1.92 (1.87–1.97) ** | 3.16 (3.04–3.28) ** |
ARRR Adjusted relative risk ratio, CI Confidence interval
*P-value < 0.05, **P-value < 0.01