Table 1.
Excess all-cause mortality (deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) in 14 European countries in relation to the degree of lockdown as estimated by the highest Stringency index (SI) during spring 2020 (Our World in Data).
| Excess all-cause mortality (deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) | SI%* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 2021–2022 | 2020–2022 | 2020 | |
| Sweden | 85 | 69 | 158 | 65 |
| Norway | 3 | 127 | 129 | 80 |
| Denmark | 2 | 94 | 97 | 72 |
| Finland | 26 | 204 | 228 | 85 |
| Belgium | 161 | 100 | 262 | 81 |
| France | 84 | 122 | 207 | 91 |
| Germany | 52 | 183 | 241 | 75 |
| Italy | 194 | 254 | 451 | 92 |
| Netherlands | 93 | 164 | 262 | 80 |
| Poland | 169 | 294 | 475 | 81 |
| Portugal | 120 | 221 | 273 | 82 |
| Spain | 162 | 169 | 332 | 85 |
| Switzerland | 110 | 106 | 221 | 77 |
| United Kingdom | 127 | 153 | 289 | 80 |
*Stringency index (%) estimated from a composite measure of 9 community response/restriction indicators such as school closures, workplace closures, travel bans, etc., rescaled to a value from 0 to 100% according to Our World in Data (12).