Table 3.
Main results of volatile organic compound breath analysis in patients with interstitial lung disease using electronic nose technology
| Author | Year | Patient groups (n=) | eNose device | Comparison | Performance (AUC/accuracy) |
| Van der Sar et al.[27▪] | 2022 | Sarcoidosis (252, of which 224 pulmonary) ILD (317, of which 50 HP) HC (48) |
SpiroNose | Sarcoidosis vs. HC Pulmonary sarcoidosis vs. ILD Pulmonary sarcoidosis vs. HP |
1.00/100%a 0.87/83.2%a 0.88/87.8%a |
| Xuan et al.[29▪] | 2022 | Silicosis (221, of which 85 stage I disease) Miners (398) |
Customized systemb | Silicosis vs. miners Stage I silicosis vs. miners |
0.77–0.89/78.5–84.3% 0.78–0.94/70.8–91.7% |
| Moor et al.[30] | 2021 | ILD (215, of which 85 IPF) HC (48) |
SpiroNose | ILD vs. HC IPF vs. non-IPF |
1.00/100%a 0.87/91%a |
| Dragonieri et al.[31] | 2020 | IPF (42) COPD (43) HC (46) |
Cyranose 320 | IPF vs. HC IPF vs. COPD |
1.00/98.5% 0.85/80.0% |
| Krauss et al.[32] | 2019 | ILD (174, of which 51 IPF and 25 CTD-ILD) COPD (23) HC (33) |
Aeonose | IPF vs. HC CTD-ILD vs. HC IPF vs. CTD-ILD CTD-ILD vs. COPD |
0.95/- 0.90/– 0.84/– 0.85/– |
| Yang et al.[28] | 2017 | Pneumoconiosis (34) Stone workers (64) |
Cyranose 320 | Pneumoconiosis vs. workers | 0.86–0.89/65.0–70.0%a |
| Dragonieri et al.[26] | 2013 | Pulmonary sarcoidosis (31, of which 11 untreated) HC (25) |
Cyranose 320 | Sarcoidosis untreated vs. HC Sarcoidosis untreated vs. treated |
0.83/83.3% –/74.2% |
| Van der Sar et al.[34] | 2022 | ILD (42, of which 22 starting immunosuppressive and 20 antifibrotic treatment) | SpiroNose |
Yes vs. no response to immunosuppressants
Yes vs. no response to antifibrotics |
0.84/– 0.75/– |
| Van der Sar et al.[33] | 2021 | Pulmonary fibrosis (304) | SpiroNose | N/A (unsupervised analysis) | 3 distinct clusters identified |
Main results of the cited articles are displayed. Conference abstracts are shown in italic. Displayed size of patient groups (n) are the sum of training and test/validation cohorts, if applicable. AUC, area-under-the-curve; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTD, connective tissue disease; eNose, electronic nose; HC, healthy control; HP, hypersensitivity pneumonitis; ILD, interstitial lung disease; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
a
Results of independent test/validation cohorts.
b
Based on Pilot (Vaporsense) sensor array.