Table 1.
The 13 selected protein biomarkers analyzed with the Luminex multiplex method
| Abbreviation | Protein Name | Size (kDa) | Function/Pathways | Type of Marker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCP-1 (CCL2) | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 | 13 | Inflammation, immunity | Profibrotic | 27,28 |
| TRAIL-R2 | TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 | 48 | Apoptosis, inflammation | — | 29,30 |
| FABP4 | Fatty acid-binding protein 4 | 15 | Binds long-chain fatty acids, fat absorption, transportation, metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis | Filtration and profibrotic | 31–34 |
| TNFR2 | TNF receptor 2 | 40 | Inflammation, antiapoptotic | — | 35,36 |
| CD40Lig | CD40 receptor ligand | 18 | Immunity | Profibrotic | 37,38 |
| GDF-15 | Growth/differentiation factor 15 | 12 (dimer: 25–30) | Cell damage, inflammation, apoptosis | Injury | 39 |
| Tie2 | TEK tyrosine kinase | 75–78 | Embryonic angiogenesis, immunity, anti-inflammatory | — | 40 |
| MMP7 | Matrix metalloproteinase 7 | 19 | Fibrosis, matrix remodulation, wound healing | Profibrotic, injury | 41,42 |
| suPAR | Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor | 24–66 | Phosphate metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation | — | 43,44 |
| MMP2 | Matrix metalloproteinase 2 | 72 (64 active) | Fibrosis, matrix remodulation. Neural system | Profibrotic | 45,46 |
| Umod | Uromodulin | 85 | Immunity | Nephron mass | 47,48 |
| Gal-3 | Galectin-3 | 30 | Carbohydrate-binding protein, apoptosis, immunity, antimicrobial, fibrosis | Profibrotic | 49–51 |
| KIM-1 | Kidney injury molecule 1 | 40–80 | Kidney damage marker (proximal tubule), allergies, immunity | Injury | 52 |
Name of the protein, abbreviation, and function/involvement in pathways.