Table 3.
Comparison of patients according to newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke in AF-naïve patients at admission.
| No AF (n = 5,134) | Newly diagnosed AF (n = 442) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age, years | 66.0 ± 13.8 | 72.9 ± 10.7 | <0.01 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 3,128 (60.9) | 245 (55.4) | 0.03 |
| Premorbid dependency (mRS ≥ 3), n (%) | 336 (6.5) | 47 (10.6) | <0.01 |
| Baseline NIHSS score, median (IQR) | 3 (1–6) | 5 (2–15) | <0.01 |
| Affected vascular territory | |||
| Anterior circulation, n (%) | 3,036 (59.1) | 296 (67.1) | <0.01 |
| Posterior circulation, n (%) | 1,779 (34.7) | 107 (24.2) | |
| Both, n (%) | 319 (6.2) | 39 (8.8) | |
| Infarct location | |||
| Deepa, n (%) | 2,260 (44.0) | 86 (19.5) | <0.01 |
| Corticalb, n (%) | 2,258 (44.0) | 280 (63.3) | |
| Both, n (%) | 616 (12.0) | 76 (17.2) | |
| Stroke classification | |||
| Large-artery atherosclerosis, n (%) | 2,533 (49.3) | 69 (15.6) | <0.01 |
| Small-vessel occlusion, n (%) | 1,019 (19.8) | 12 (2.7) | |
| Cardioembolism, n (%) | 389 (7.6) | 269 (61.0) | |
| Other determined etiology, n (%) | 371 (7.2) | 16 (3.6) | |
| Undetermined etiology, n (%) | 822 (16.0) | 76 (17.2) | |
| Intravenous thrombolysis, n (%) | 398 (7.8) | 84 (19.0) | <0.01 |
| Endovascular treatment, n (%) | 516 (10.1) | 91 (20.6) | <0.01 |
| Reperfusion therapy | |||
| Intravenous thrombolysis | |||
| Endovascular therapy | |||
| Stroke risk factors | |||
| Previous stroke, n (%) | 975 (19.0) | 98 (22.2) | 0.12 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3,502 (68.2) | 310 (70.1) | 0.44 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1,702 (33.2) | 134 (30.3) | 0.24 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 1,766 (34.4) | 158 (35.7) | 0.60 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 2,207 (43.0) | 143 (32.4) | <0.01 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| LV ejection fraction, % | 62.4 ± 7.2 | 60.1 ± 9.7 | <0.01 |
| LV end-diastolic volume, ml | 75.3 ± 24.1 | 71.8 ± 28.0 | 0.01 |
| LV end-systolic volume, ml | 29.0 ± 14.9 | 29.9 ± 20.4 | 0.37 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 97.1 ± 25.5 | 101.0 ± 28.5 | 0.02 |
| LA volume index, ml/m2 | 34.3 ± 11.1 | 46.0 ± 18.2 | <0.01 |
| Mitral E/e′ | 11.2 ± 5.0 | 13.2 ± 7.2 | <0.01 |
| RV systolic pressure, mmHg | 26.6 ± 6.5 | 29.9 ± 9.0 | <0.01 |
| Any TR, n (%) | 268 (5.2) | 92 (20.8) | <0.01 |
| Mild TR, n (%) | 234 (4.6) | 76 (17.2) | <0.01 |
| Moderate TR, n (%) | 29 (0.6) | 16 (3.6) | |
| Severe TR, n (%) | 5 (0.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Isolated TR, n (%) | 177 (3.5) | 52 (12.0) | <0.01 |
| Non-isolated TR, n (%) | 86 (1.7) | 40 (9.3) | |
| AS ≥ moderate, n (%) | 32 (0.6) | 4 (0.9) | 0.53 |
| AR ≥ moderate, n (%) | 47 (0.9) | 6 (1.4) | 0.31 |
| MS ≥ moderate, n (%) | 7 (0.1) | 5 (1.1) | <0.01 |
| MR ≥ moderate, n (%) | 27 (0.5) | 12 (2.7) | <0.01 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or frequency (%). AF, atrial fibrillation; mRS, Modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National institute of health stroke scale; LV, left ventricle; LA, left atrium; RV, right ventricle; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; AS, aortic stenosis; AR, aortic regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; MR, mitral regurgitation.
a
Deep location refers to basal ganglia, thalamus, internal capsule, corona radiata and brainstem.
b
Cortical location refers to cerebral cortex and cerebellum.