Table 2.
Full list of FNSFs reviewed with characteristics. Blank cells indicate no data was available.
* = (1 - full weightbearing/2 - loading activities/3- full pre-injury activity); ** = (1 - disabling pain/2 - functional but with residual pain or discomfort/3 - full pre-injury activity).
| Source | Year | Subject # | Sex (M/F) | Age | BMI | Activity level | Symptoms prior to diagnosis (weeks) | Displaced? (D/ND) | Complete/In-complete (C/IC) | Tension/Compression (T/C) | Surgery? (Y/N) | Complications of surgery | Radiographic union evidence (months) | RTA (weeks) | RTA measure (1/2/3)* | Follow-up period (months) | >1 year follow-up outcomes (1/2/3)** | Metabolic work-up, if available |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fullerton | 1988 | 1 | M | 19 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 2 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 2 | M | 23 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 3 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 3 | M | 18 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 3 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 4 | M | 29 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 3 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 5 | M | 18 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | >24 | ||||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 6 | F | 19 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 3 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 7 | M | 18 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 8 | M | 30 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 3 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 9 | M | 23 | High - military | D | C | – | Y | >24 | ||||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 10 | M | 23 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 3 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 11 | M | 23 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 12 | M | 20 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | >24 | ||||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 13 | M | 18 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 2 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 14 | M | 18 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | >24 | ||||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 15 | M | 20 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 3 | >24 | 2 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 16 | M | 25 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 3 | >24 | 2 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 17 | M | 32 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 3 | >24 | 3 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 18 | M | 18 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 3 | >24 | 3 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 19 | M | 18 | High - military | D | C | – | Y | Delayed Union | >24 | 2 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 20 | M | 25 | High - military | ND | C | – | Y | 6 | 3 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 21 | M | 20 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 3 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 22 | M | 20 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | >24 | ||||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 23 | M | 23 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | >24 | ||||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 24 | M | 20 | High - military | D | C | – | Y | >24 | ||||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 25 | M | 19 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 3 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 26 | M | 28 | High - military | ND | C | – | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 1 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 27 | M | 28 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 3 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 28 | M | 24 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 29 | M | 18 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 2 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 30 | M | 33 | High - military | ND | IC | T | N | >24 | 2 | |||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 31 | M | 25 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | >24 | 3 | |||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 32 | M | 26 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 2 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 33 | M | 26 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 34 | F | 24 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 35 | M | 24 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 36 | M | 27 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 3 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 37 | M | 29 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 38 | M | 20 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 39 | M | 18 | High - military | ND | IC | C | Y | >24 | 3 | |||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 40 | M | 19 | High - military | D | IC | T | Y | >24 | 3 | |||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 41 | M | 18 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 42 | M | 18 | High - military | D | C | – | Y | >24 | 1 | |||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 43 | M | 19 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 44 | M | 26 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 45 | M | 18 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | ||||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 46 | M | 22 | High - military | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 2 | >24 | 3 | |||||
| Fullerton | 1988 | 47 | M | 21 | High - military | D | C | C | Y | >24 | ||||||||
| Weinrich | 2022 | 48 | M | 38 | High - runner | 1 | ND | C | – | Y | 6 | 6 | 1 | 12 | 3 | |||
| Yoon | 2021 | 49 | M | 19 | 22.5 | High - military | 2 | ND | IC | C | Y | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 50 | M | 20 | 24.5 | High - military | 6 | ND | IC | T | N | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 51 | M | 21 | 22.2 | High - military | 0 | ND | IC | C | Y | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 52 | M | 20 | 21.7 | High - military | 1 | ND | C | – | N | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 53 | M | 20 | 23.9 | High - military | 1 | ND | IC | C | N | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 54 | M | 20 | 19.9 | High - military | 3 | ND | C | – | Y | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 55 | M | 19 | 24.9 | High - military | 4 | ND | C | – | Y | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 56 | M | 20 | 26.1 | High - military | 8 | ND | IC | C | N | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 56 | M | 26.1 | High - military | 8 | ND | IC | C | N | 10 | 3 | ||||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 57 | M | 19 | 24.9 | High - military | 8 | ND | IC | C | N | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 57 | M | 24.9 | High - military | 8 | ND | C | – | Y | 10 | 3 | ||||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 58 | M | 20 | 29.3 | High - military | 0 | D | C | – | Y | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 58 | M | 29.3 | High - military | 0 | ND | IC | C | Y | 10 | 3 | ||||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 59 | M | 18 | 20.2 | High - military | 8 | ND | C | C | Y | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 59 | M | 20.2 | High - military | 8 | ND | IC | C | N | 10 | 3 | ||||||
| Yoon | 2021 | 60 | M | 20 | 23.7 | High - military | 12 | ND | IC | T | N | 10 | 3 | |||||
| Avrahami | 2012 | 61 | F | 41 | High - endurance athlete | 16 | ND | IC | C | N | 8 | 3 | 4 | |||||
| Gerstmeyer | 2022 | 62 | M | 29 | 24.5 | High - running | 1 | D | C | T | Y | N | 6 | 1 | 18 | 3 | Subclinical hypothyroidism | |
| Cichy | 2012 | 63 | M | 23 | High - running | 1 | D | C | T | Y | N | 6 | 1 | Unremarkable | ||||
| Jalan | 2020 | 64 | M | 36 | High - running | 12 | D | C | T | Y | 12 | 1 | 24 | 3 | 10x IM nandrolone decoanate in 3 months prior to fracture; DEXA normal; unremarkable | |||
| Jalan | 2020 | 64 | M | 36 | High - running | 12 | ND | IC | C | N | 1 | 24 | 3 | 10x IM nandrolone decoanate in 3 months prior to fracture; DEXA normal; unremarkable | ||||
| Gurney | 2006 | 65 | F | 70 | Low - ADLs | 8 | ND | IC | C | N | N | 8 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Biz | 2017 | 66 | F | 42 | 19.2 | High - running | 4 | ND | IC | C | N | N | 3 | 8 | 1 | 12 | 3 | Vit D deficiency, hyperPTH |
| Biz | 2017 | 67 | F | 28 | 21.2 | High - running | 2 | ND | C | – | N | Progression to complete fracture | 12 | 3 | PCOS, VitD low but not deficient | |||
| Biz | 2017 | 67 | F | 28 | 21.2 | High - running | ND | C | – | Y | N | 12 | 4 | 1 | PCOS, VitD low but not deficient | |||
| Biz | 2017 | 68 | F | 33 | 20.5 | High - running | 4 | ND | C | – | Y | N | 12 | 4 | 1 | 12 | 3 | PCOS, dysmenorrhea, previous hx of anorexia with amenorrhea, Vit D deficiency, hyperPTH |
| Biz | 2017 | 69 | F | 48 | Medium - running | 4 | D | C | – | Y | N | 12 | 7 | 1 | 12 | 3 | Vit D deficiency, hyperPTH | |
| Polacek | 2010 | 70 | F | 38 | High - running | D | C | – | Y | Y | 12 | 1 | 12 | 2 | ||||
| Polacek | 2010 | 71 | M | 39 | High - running | D | C | – | Y | Y | 12 | 1 | 12 | 3 | ||||
| Heig | 2022 | 72 | M | 29 | High - military | ND | IC | T | N | 3 | 6 | 1 | 4 | |||||
| Romero | 2008 | 73 | M | 19 | 22.3 | High - military | ND | IC | C | Y | N | 6 | 3 | 6 | Unremarkable | |||
| 2008 | 73 | M | 19 | 22.3 | High - military | D | C | – | Y | N | 6 | 1 | Unremarkable | |||||
| Nadowdny | 2022 | 74 | M | 38 | 30 | High - running | 1 | ND | IC | C | Y | N | 4 | 2 | 4 | Vit D, Ca normal | ||
| Kanwat | 2019 | 75 | F | 50 | Low - ADLs | 16 | D | C | – | Y | N | 0 | 1 | 12 | 3 | Vit D, Ca, PTH, bone density normal; 2 yrs post-menopausal | ||
| 75 | F | 50 | Low - ADLs | 16 | ND | IC | C | Y | N | |||||||||
| Konetsky | 2013 | 76 | F | 19 | High - military | 2 | ND | IC | C | Y | N | 20 | 3 | 5 | ||||
| Fonte | 2018 | 77 | F | 27 | High - military | 6 | ND | IC | C | N | N | 7 | 12 | 2 | 18 | 3 | Hgb, Fe, Ca WNL; 2 months amenorrhea | |
| Lamothe | 2018 | 78 | F | 23 | Moderate - running | 4 | ND | IC | C | N | 1 | 1 | 6 | |||||
| Vedoya | 2020 | 79 | F | 27 | Low - ADLs | 72 | ND | IC | C | Y | N | 33 | 1 | 13 | 3 | 4 year hx of anorexia nervosa, Vit D low, TP and albumin low | ||
| Vedoya | 2020 | 79 | F | 27 | Low - ADLs | 72 | ND | IC | C | Y | N | 33 | 1 | 13 | 3 | 4 year hx of anorexia nervosa, Vit D low, TP and albumin low | ||
| Kim | 2020 | 80 | F | 71 | Low - ADLs | 12 | ND | IC | T | Y | N | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 year bisphosphonates; Vit D low, PN1P low | |||
| Terlemez | 2020 | 81 | F | 54 | Low - ADLs | 12 | ND | IC | C | N | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 year tonofovir therapy, 16 mo ibandronic acid, hypophosphatemia, elevated alkphos, Vit D, PTH, & Ca WNL | ||||
| Santoso | 2017 | 82 | M | 37 | 23.8 | High - manual labor | 3 | ND | IC | C | N | 4 | 2 | 5 | CBC, BMP, PT/PTT, CRP, Ca, P, alkphos WNL | |||
| Santoso | 2017 | 82 | M | 37 | 23.8 | High - manual labor | 3 | ND | IC | C | N | 4 | 2 | 5 | CBC, BMP, PT/PTT, CRP, Ca, P, alkphos WNL | |||
| Aslam | 2004 | 83 | M | 29 | High - manual labor | 12 | D | C | – | Y | N | 3 | 12 | 2 | 12 | 3 | Blood labs normal, no metabolic/endocrine pathologies detected | |
| Hernigou | 2017 | 84 | F | 38 | 19.7 | Moderate - running | ND | IC | C | Y | N | 2 | 3 | 24 | Hx of anorexia nervosa w/1yr clinical recovery, osteopenia (T −1.9), low Ca | |||
| Hernigou | 2017 | 84 | F | 38 | 19.7 | ND | IC | C | Y | N | 2 | 3 | Hx of anorexia nervosa w/1yr clinical recovery, osteopenia (T −1.9), low Ca | |||||
| Petrin | 2016 | 85 | M | 27 | 26 | High | 4 | ND | IC | C | N | 4 | 1 | 4 | ||||
| Pongsamakthai | 2021 | 86 | M | 20 | 23.8 | High - military | 12 | D | C | – | Y | 5 | 6 | 1 | 24 | 2 | ||
| Pongsamakthai | 2021 | 86 | M | 20 | 23.8 | High - military | 12 | D | C | – | Y | N | 24 | 1 | ||||
| Ejnisman | 2013 | 87 | F | 56 | Moderate | 2 | ND | IC | C | N | 12 | 1 | 6 | Alkphos normal, XRs normal | ||||
| Chaganty | 2019 | 88 | M | 35 | 26.4 | Low - ADLs | 12 | D | C | – | Y | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 2 year hx HIV on zidovudine; Vit D, phos, alkphos, renal, liver WNL, proximal femur osteopenia by XR | |
| Chaganty | 2019 | 88 | M | 35 | 26.4 | Low - ADLs | D | C | – | N - declined | 3 year hx HIV on zidovudine; Vit D, phos, alkphos, renal, liver WNL, proximal femur osteopenia by XR | |||||||
| Narang | 2019 | 89 | M | 56 | Low - ADLs | 36 | ND | IC | C | N | 0 | 1 | 14 | 3 | Vit D deficiency, low Ca, PTH elevated, high P1NP, alkphos elevated, osteomalacia (T −3.5), oral corticosteroid courses | |||
| Diwanje | 2007 | 90 | F | 35 | Moderate - running | 6 | D | C | – | Y | N | 1.5 | 12 | 1 | 31 | 3 | ||
| Diwanje | 2007 | 91 | F | 29 | Moderate -walking | 2 | D | C | – | Y | N | 12 | 1 | 60 | 3 | |||
| Lee | 2016 | 92 | M | 43 | Low - ADLs | 12 | ND | C | – | Y | N | 6 | 1 | 14 | 3 | Hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, VitD WNL, thyroid WNL, elevated alkphos, elevated osteocalcin, osteoporosis (T −4.69 LS) | ||
| Takahara | 2004 | 93 | M | 30 | 25.8 | Low - ADLs | 1 | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 1 | 36 | 3 | BMD WNL, no lab abnormalities | ||
| Richardson | 2016 | 94 | F | 43 | High - running | 6 | D | C | – | Y | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | FTM on 2 years of testosterone therapy | |||
| Cooper | 2005 | 95 | F | 18 | 20.6 | High - running | ND | IC | C | N | 6 | 1 | 15 | 3 | 8 month amenorrhea, osteoporosis/osteopenia (T −2.8 LS, −1.4 femur neck) | |||
| Nagao | 2009 | 96 | M | 36 | 18.5 | Low - ADLs | 8 | ND | IC | T | N | 16 | 1 | 24 | 2 | alcohol consumption (1.5L/d beer); VitD deficiency, low BMD by DEXA; Ca, Phos, PTH, osteocalcin, P1NP normal | ||
| Nagao | 2009 | 96 | M | 36 | 18.5 | Low - ADLs | D | IC | T | N | 16 | 1 | alcohol consumption (1.5L/d beer); VitD deficiency, low BMD by DEXA; Ca, Phos, PTH, osteocalcin, P1NP normal | |||||
| Nagao | 2009 | 96 | M | 36 | 18.5 | Low - ADLs | D | C | – | Y | Nonunion, focal osteonecrosis | 12 | 1 | alcohol consumption (1.5L/d beer); VitD deficiency, low BMD by DEXA; Ca, Phos, PTH, osteocalcin, P1NP normal | ||||
| Nagao | 2009 | 96 | M | 36 | 18.5 | Low - ADLs | D | C | – | Y | Nonunion, focal osteonecrosis | 12 | 1 | alcohol consumption (1.5L/d beer); VitD deficiency, low BMD by DEXA; Ca, Phos, PTH, osteocalcin, P1NP normal | ||||
| Kalaci | 2008 | 97 | F | 18 | 24.6 | Low - ADLs | 12 | ND | IC | C | Y | 6 | 1 | 6 | low BMD by DEXA (T −3.8), increased alkphos, hypocalcemia | |||
| Kalaci | 2008 | 97 | F | 18 | 24.6 | Low - ADLs | 12 | ND | IC | C | Y | 6 | 1 | 6 | low BMD by DEXA (T −3.8), increased alkphos, hypocalcemia | |||
| Tomar | 2020 | 98 | F | 58 | 36.6 | Low - ADLs | 162 | D | C | – | Y | Nonunion | 6 | 1 | 18 | 1 | osteomalacia, Vit D deficiency | |
| Tomar | 2020 | 98 | F | 58 | 36.6 | Low - ADLs | D | C | C | Y | 12 | 1 | 3 | osteomalacia, Vit D deficiency | ||||
| Tomar | 2020 | 98 | F | 58 | 36.6 | Low - ADLs | D | C | T | Y | 12 | 1 | osteomalacia, Vit D deficiency | |||||
| Lombardo | 1982 | 99 | F | 40 | High - running | 4 | D | C | T | Y | N | 28 | 3 | 36 | 3 | WNL | ||
| Lombardo | 1982 | 100 | F | 24 | High - running | 0 | ND | IC | C | N | N | 6 | 1 | 24 | 3 | 1 year daily dexamethasone use | ||
| Adulkasem | 2020 | 101 | F | 61 | High - running | 1 | D | C | T | Y | N | 3 | 12 | 1 | Vit D deficiency, osteopenia | |||
| Katsougrakis | 2016 | 102 | F | 28 | 19.8 | High - running | 0 | ND | IC | C | N | N | 2 | 8 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Xiaozuo | 2016 | 103 | F | 59 | 26.57 | Low - ADLs | 8 | D | C | – | Y | 12 | 1 | 12 | 3 | Unremarkable | ||
| Xiaozuo | 2016 | 103 | F | 59 | 26.57 | Low - ADLs | 8 | ND | C | – | N | 12 | 1 | Unremarkable |