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. 2023 Jul 10;26(8):1365–1378. doi: 10.1038/s41593-023-01377-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, Open field test of mice operated SHAM (n = 13), MI (n = 22), MI treated with ARM036 (MI + ARM036, n = 23), MI treated with S107 (MI + S107, n = 24), MI treated with propranolol (MI + propranolol, n = 10) and MI treated with TGF-β inhibitor (MI + SD-208, n = 18). Ratios of total time spent in the center area versus periphery area within first 3 min and second 3 min are shown. b, EPM test showing the ratios of time spent in the open-arm versus closed-arm in SHAM (n = 14), MI (n = 22), MI + ARM036 (n = 18), MI + S107 (n = 23), MI + propranolol (n = 10) and MI + SD-208 (n = 18) mice. c, Novel object recognition test showing the discrimination index in SHAM (n = 12), MI (n = 21), MI + ARM036 (n = 23), MI + S107 (n = 22), MI + propranolol (n = 10) and MI + SD-208 (n = 17) mice. d, MWM test (learning curves for 4 d) in SHAM (n = 22), MI (n = 20), MI + ARM036 (n = 19), MI + S107 (n = 19), MI + propranolol (n = 14) and MI + SD-208 (n = 19) mice. e, Probe trials after escape platform removed showing the total duration spent in the target quadrant at day 5 in SHAM (n = 22), MI (n = 20), MI + ARM036 (n = 18), MI + S107 (n = 17), MI + propranolol (n = 14) and MI + SD-208 (n = 17) mice. f, Number of target crossings at day 5 in SHAM (n = 20), MI (n = 20), MI + ARM036 (n = 18), MI + S107 (n = 16), MI + propranolol (n = 14) and MI + SD-208 (n = 17) mice. g, Heat maps showing the latency for each group at day 2 and day 4. Individual values are shown with mean ± s.e.m. Two-tailed t-test *P < 0.05 in a shows significance between the first 3 min and second 3 min of each group. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the difference between the six groups in b, c, e and f; Tukey’s test was used for multiple comparisons; two-way ANOVA was used in d. Tukey’s test post hoc correction for multiple comparisons was used. *P < 0.05, SHAM versus MI or MI + ARM036; ^#P < 0.05, MI versus MI + S107, MI + propranolol or MI + SD-208. All statistical tests were two sided. Data are derived from biologically independent samples.

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