Table 3.
Effects of RESIST group (study completers, n = 13) compared with the control group (n = 15) on primary and secondary outcomes at post-test.
| Outcome and assessment point | RESIST (n = 13) |
Controls (n = 15) |
Differences between study conditions |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observed mean (SD) | Observed mean (SD) | Estimated mean difference between group (95 % CI)a | Cohen's d (95 % CI) | |
| Stress | ||||
| Perceived stress scaleb | ||||
| T1 | 23.61 (4.27) | 25.13 (3.60) | ||
| T2 | 13.38 (5.24) | 22.0 (5.38) | −7.79 (−11.68, −3.89) | 1.57 (0.71; 2.43) |
| Depressive symptoms | ||||
| Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scaleb | ||||
| T1 | 10.60 (4.19) | 15.73 (6.13) | ||
| T2 | 7.08 (4.57) | 11.20 (5.10) | −1.32 (−4.64, 2.00) | 0.38 (−0.37; 1.13) |
| Psychological distress | ||||
| Brief symptom inventory | ||||
| General severity index | ||||
| T1 | 0.72 (0.37) | 0.83 (0.35) | ||
| T2 | 0.37 (0.32) | 0.63 (0.28) | −0.21 (−0.42, −0.01) | 0.80 (0.03, 1.57) |
| General resilience | ||||
| Brief Resilience Scale | ||||
| T1 | 15.84 (3.05) | 15.07 (3.47) | ||
| T2 | 19.46 (3.92) | 16.33 (3.68) | 2.43 (0.09, 4.77) | 0.81 (0.04; 1.59) |
| Optimism | ||||
| Life Orientation Test-Revised | ||||
| T1 | 14.08 (4.94) | 12.00 (3.68) | ||
| T2 | 16.54 (3.45) | 13.20 (2.96) | 2.34 (0.41, 4.26) | 0.96 (0.17;1.75) |
| Self-efficacy | ||||
| General Self-Efficacy Beliefs | ||||
| T1 | 10.08 (1.26) | 9.60 (1.72) | ||
| T2 | 11.38 (1.39) | 10.33 (3.11) | 0.86 (−0.88, 2.61) | 0.38 (−0.37; 1.13) |
| Locus of control | ||||
| Internal-external control belief scale | ||||
| Internal control belief | ||||
| T1 | 3.57 (0.61) | 2.83 (0.69) | ||
| T2 | 4.04 (0.59) | 3.07 (0.56) | 0.83 (0.33, 1.33) | 1.36 (0.53; 2.19) |
| External control beliefb | ||||
| T1 | 2.77 (0.64) | 2.97 (0.69) | ||
| T2 | 2.38 (0.77) | 2.80 (0.73) | −0.36 (−0.95, 0.22) | 0.48 (−0.27; 1.24) |
| Positive emotions | ||||
| Self-compassion scale | ||||
| T1 | 2.54 (0.46) | 2.76 (0.64) | ||
| T2 | 3.40 (0.61) | 2.63 (0.54) | 0.64 (0.26, 1.03) | 1.33 (0.51; 2.16) |
| Social support | ||||
| Berlin social support scales | ||||
| Perceived Instrumental support | ||||
| T1 | 14.08 (2.92) | 12.47 (2.59) | ||
| T2 | 15.08 (4.73) | 13.13 (2.21) | 0.99 (−1.93, 3.93) | 0.27 (−0.47; 1.02) |
| Perceived Emotional support | ||||
| T1 | 14.54 (1.76) | 13.53 (2.39) | ||
| T2 | 15.54 (1.12) | 13.27 (2.31) | 1.72 (0.61, 2.83) | 1.22 (0.41, 2.04) |
| Support seeking | ||||
| T1 | 15.23 (2.62) | 12.07 (2.40) | ||
| T2 | 16.31 (2.56) | 13.13 (2.67) | 1.13 (−0.78, 3.03) | 0.50 (−0.26; 1.25) |
a
Between group differences in means (95 % CI) were calculated using estimated marginal means.
b
Lower scores indicate lower perceived stress/depressive symptoms/psychological distress/external control beliefs.