Table 2.
Associations between uses of subcategories within antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs and biomarkers of biological aging. The associations were estimated using cGEE models with adjustment for within-individual factors, including body mass index, currently smoking, age, number of medications being currently used, SBP, apoB/apoA ratio, blood glucose level, fasting status, and seven medication use variables (diuretics, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, agents acting on renin-angiotensin system, statins, insulin and analogues, and non-insulin anti-diabetics). All the models were additionally conditioning on individuals to control for effects from individual-constant factors. N.eff stands for effective sample size, which is the number of participants who at some point used the medication during follow-up, therefore contributed to the estimation of drug effects. A bold font indicates that the corresponding P-value is less than 0.05. RTL, relative telomere length; PhysioAge, physiological age; FAI, functional age index; FI, frailty index
| BA biomarkers | Diuretics | Beta blockers | Calcium channel blockers | Agents acting on RAS | Statins | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N.eff | Beta (95%CI) | N.eff | Beta (95%CI) | N.eff | Beta (95%CI) | N.eff | Beta (95%CI) | N.eff | Beta (95%CI) | |
| RTL | 77 | 0.02 (− 0.41, 0.46) | 85 | − 0.21 (− 0.58, 0.15) | 63 | − 0.11 (− 0.46, 0.24) | 68 | 0.02 (− 0.37, 0.42) | 54 | − 0.38 (− 0.78, 0.01) |
| PhysioAge | 163 | − 0.05 (− 0.42, 0.31) | 169 | 0.01 (− 0.37, 0.38) | 112 | − 0.20 (− 0.58, 0.18) | 147 | 0.02 (− 0.35, 0.39) | 106 | 0.02 (− 0.40, 0.43) |
| FAI | 141 | 0.19 (− 1.00, 1.37) | 136 | 1.52 (0.35, 2.68) | 102 | − 2.18 (− 3.37, − 0.99) | 129 | 0.94 (− 0.32, 2.19) | 105 | 0.25 (− 1.18, 1.68) |
| Cognition | 132 | 0.94 (0.31, 1.58) | 152 | 0.63 (0.01, 1.25) | 95 | − 0.18 (− 0.91, 0.54) | 109 | 0.73 (0.04, 1.42) | 76 | 0.81 (− 0.06, 1.68) |
| FI | 154 | − 0.30 (− 1.23, 0.63) | 151 | 0.91 (0.02, 1.79) | 106 | − 1.31 (− 2.43, − 0.18) | 135 | − 0.67 (− 1.61, 0.27) | 112 | − 1.08 (− 2.01, − 0.15) |
| PCHorvathAge | 71 | 1.06 (0.10, 2.01) | 76 | − 0.20 (− 0.90, 0.50) | 61 | − 1.28 (− 2.34, − 0.21) | 65 | 1.13 (− 0.15, 2.42) | 55 | − 0.45 (− 1.44, 0.54) |
| PCSkin&bloodAge | 71 | 1.26 (0.09, 2.42) | 76 | − 0.17 (− 1.08, 0.74) | 61 | − 1.34 (− 2.61, − 0.07) | 65 | 1.58 (0.26, 2.90) | 55 | 0.33 (− 0.76, 1.42) |
| PCHannumAge | 71 | 0.42 (− 0.60, 1.43) | 76 | − 0.44 (− 1.22, 0.33) | 61 | − 0.98 (− 2.06, 0.11) | 65 | 1.36 (0.02, 2.69) | 55 | − 0.22 (− 1.20, 0.76) |
| PCPhenoAge | 71 | 0.10 (− 0.61, 0.81) | 76 | 0.08 (− 0.57, 0.74) | 61 | − 1.74 (− 2.58, − 0.89) | 65 | 0.89 (− 0.51, 2.28) | 55 | − 0.31 (− 1.28, 0.65) |
| PCDNAmTL | 71 | − 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.01) | 76 | − 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.01) | 61 | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.02) | 65 | − 0.02 (− 0.04, 0.00) | 55 | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.03) |
| PCGrimAge | 71 | − 0.04 (− 0.38, 0.30) | 76 | − 0.21 (− 0.53, 0.12) | 61 | − 0.57 (− 0.96, − 0.17) | 65 | 0.61 (0.16, 1.06) | 55 | − 0.19 (− 0.60, 0.21) |
| DunedinPACE | 71 | 0.00 (− 0.02, 0.03) | 76 | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.04) | 61 | − 0.03 (− 0.06, 0.00) | 65 | − 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.00) | 55 | 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.05) |