Table 3.

Post hoc comparisons of age group differences for different measures of cognitive task performance

Age groups	Mean difference	95% confidence interval	p value	Cohen’s d
DRST spatial span
Y vs. MA	0.175	[− 0.0449, 0.394]	0.145	0.539
Y vs. A	0.367	[0.139, 0.596]	0.000777	1.14
MA vs. A	0.193	[− 0.00152, 0.387]	0.0523	0.736
CSST total trials for first category (red)
Y vs. MA	− 124	[− 252, 3.31]	0.0579	− 0.837
Y vs. A	− 168	[− 302, − 33.9]	0.0103	− 0.923
MA vs. A	− 43.7	[− 155, 67.3]	0.616	− 0.223
CSST total errors for first category (red)
Y vs. MA	− 48.9	[− 109, 10.9]	0.131	− 0.672
Y vs. A	− 68.3	[− 131, − 5.39]	0.0302	− 0.827
MA vs. A	− 19.4	[− 71.4, 32.7]	0.648	− 0.211
CSST total perseverative errors
Y vs. MA	− 169	[− 297, − 39.8]	0.007	− 1.26
Y vs. A	− 327	[− 463, − 192]	5.17e − 07	− 1.57
MA vs. A	− 159	[− 271, − 46.9]	0.00318	− 0.832
CSST total perseverative errors as a percent of shift trials
Y vs. MA	− 4.04	[− 7.91, − 0.164]	0.0391	− 0.723
Y vs. A	− 4.21	[− 8.28, − 0.145]	0.0407	− 0.73
MA vs. A	− 0.179	[− 3.55, 3.19]	0.991	− 0.0361
CSST total number of broken sets
Y vs. MA	− 4.02	[− 7.84, − 0.199]	0.0369	− 0.838
Y vs. A	− 5.97	[− 9.98, − 1.95]	0.00193	− 1.14
MA vs. A	− 1.95	[− 5.27, 1.38]	0.346	− 0.336

p values were corrected for multiple comparisons

Y young, MA middle-aged, A aged