Table 3.
Type II diabetes mellitus drugs tested in the 3xTg mouse model
| Source | Starting age | Treatment period | Age at analysis | Treatment effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linagliptin | ||||
| Kosaraju et al., 2017 | 9–10 months | 8 weeks | 11–12 months |
Improved MWM and Y-maze performance Decreased p-tau and Aβ Decreased microglia activation/inflammation No change in plasma glucose levels |
| Liraglutide | ||||
| Chen et al., 2017 | 7 months | 8 weeks | 9 months |
Improved MWM performance Decreased neurodegeneration No change in plasma glucose levels |
| Exenatide | ||||
| Bomba et al., 2013 | 3 months | 9 months | 12 months |
No change in MWM performance No change in LDH activity or anaerobic glucose catabolism |
| Pioglitazone | ||||
| Masciopinto et al., 2012 | 3 months | 9 months | 12 months |
No change in NOR or MWM performance No changes in plasma glucose levels, GTT, or serum insulin levels |
| Searcy et al., 2012 | 10 months | 14 weeks | 14–15 months |
Improved avoidance in AASB Decreased p-tau and Aβ Increased synaptic plasticity |
| Yu et al., 2014 | 10 months | 4 months | 14 months |
No change in spontaneous exploratory activity, locomotion, or anxiety Improved MWM performance Decreased p-tau Decreased astrocyte levels |
| Rosiglitazone | ||||
| Yu et al., 2014 | 10 months | 4 months | 14 months |
No change in spontaneous exploratory activity, locomotion, or anxiety No change in MWM performance Decreased p-tau Decreased astrocyte levels |
| GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon triagonist | ||||
| Li et al., 2018 | 7 months | 1 month | 8 months |
Improved MWM and Y-maze performance Increased Open Field activity Decreased p-tau and Aβ Increased synaptic plasticity No changes in plasma glucose levels |
| Li et al., 2020 | 7 months | 45 days | 8 months |
Improved radial arm maze performance Increased synaptophysin and PSD-95 in the hippocampus Regulated altered neuron activity in the hippocampus |
| Insulin | ||||
| Chen et al., 2014 | 9 months | 7 days | 9 months |
Increased levels of synaptic proteins Decreased microglia activation Decreased Aβ levels No change in p-tau levels |
| Sanguinetti et al., 2019 | 2 months | 6 months | 8 months |
Improved Y-maze test performance Normalized cytokine levels No change in brain mass Normalized thickness of brain layers |
| 2 months | 12 months | 14 months |
Improved Y-maze test performance Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels No change in brain mass Normalized thickness of brain layers |
|
| Vandal et al., 2014 | 6 months | 9 months | 15 months |
Improved NOR performance Decreased Aβ levels |
LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; GTT, glucose tolerance test; AASB, active avoidance shuttle box