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. 2023 Aug 3;13:12597. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38801-7

Table 3.

Fusion criteria according to Bridwell20 and Eck21.

Fusion degree Fusion criteria
Ventral column Grade I Fusion with remodeling and trabeculae present
Grade II Graft intact, not fully remodeled and incorporated, but no lucency present
Grade III Graft intact, lucency present between implant and endplate
Grade IV Fusion absent
Dorsal column Grade I Bilaterally fused facet joints and transverse processes
Grade II Unilateral fusion, assessment on the opposite side more difficult
Grade III Possible lucency or bony defect in the fusion region
Grade IV Fusion absent, signs of material fatigue