Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with COVID-19 overall and in subgroups by the genetic risk of atrial fibrillation
| Participant characteristics | All eligible participantsa | Participants with COVID-19 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Low genetic risk | Intermediate genetic risk | High genetic risk | SMD | ||
| Number | 407453 | 106005 | 21201 | 63603 | 21201 | |
| Mean age, year (SD) | 69.46 (8.14) | 67.68 (8.26) | 67.61 (8.22) | 67.72 (8.27) | 67.64 (8.25) | 0.009 |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||||
| Female | 225700 (55.4) | 58045 (54.8) | 11663 (55.0) | 34822 (54.7) | 11560 (54.5) | 0.007 |
| Male | 181752 (44.6) | 47960 (45.2) | 9538 (45.0) | 28781 (45.3) | 9641 (45.5) | |
| Ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||||
| White | 375824 (92.2) | 94821 (89.4) | 19023 (89.7) | 57214 (90.0) | 18584 (87.7) | 0.049 |
| Other ethnic groups | 31629 (7.8) | 11184 (10.6) | 2178 (10.3) | 6389 (10.0) | 2617 (12.3) | |
| Obesity, No. (%) | ||||||
| BMI < 30 | 310852 (76.3) | 80339 (75.8) | 15764 (74.4) | 48305 (75.9) | 16270 (76.7) | 0.037 |
| BMI ≥ 30 | 96601 (23.7) | 25666 (24.2) | 5437 (25.6) | 15298 (24.1) | 4931 (23.3) | |
| Socioeconomic deprivationb, mean (SD) | 17.47 (13.75) | 17.13 (13.19) | 17.18 (13.21) | 17.14 (13.20) | 17.04 (13.15) | 0.007 |
| Education categoriesc, No. (%) | ||||||
| I | 72698 (17.8) | 13808 (13.0) | 2813 (13.3) | 8345 (13.1) | 2650 (12.5) | 0.033 |
| II | 111099 (27.3) | 30324 (28.6) | 6207 (29.3) | 18201 (28.6) | 5916 (27.9) | |
| III | 45501 (11.2) | 12762 (12.0) | 2545 (12.0) | 7709 (12.1) | 2508 (11.8) | |
| IV | 20685 (5.1) | 5113 (4.8) | 1016 (4.8) | 3050 (4.8) | 1047 (4.9) | |
| V | 157469 (38.6) | 43998 (41.5) | 8620 (40.7) | 26298 (41.3) | 9080 (42.8) | |
| Individual lifestyle factors, No. (%) | ||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never or past | 367963 (90.3) | 96827 (91.3) | 19364 (91.3) | 58069 (91.3) | 19394 (91.5) | 0.004 |
| Current | 39490 (9.7) | 9178 (8.7) | 1837 (8.7) | 5534 (8.7) | 1807 (8.5) | |
| Alcohol intake | ||||||
| ≤ 4 times week | 324878 (79.7) | 85137 (80.3) | 17028 (80.3) | 51040 (80.2) | 17069 (80.5) | 0.004 |
| Daily or almost daily | 82575 (20.3) | 20868 (19.7) | 4173 (19.7) | 12563 (19.8) | 4132 (19.5) | |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| ≥150 min per week of MIPA or ≥75 min per week of VIPA | 344442 (84.5) | 88608 (83.6) | 17694 (83.5) | 53186 (83.6) | 17728 (83.6) | 0.003 |
| <150 min per week of MIPA & <75 min per week of VIPA | 63011 (15.5) | 17397 (16.4) | 3507 (16.5) | 10417 (16.4) | 3473 (16.4) | |
| Television viewing time | ||||||
| <4 h/day | 293745 (72.1) | 79656 (75.1) | 15801 (74.5) | 47761 (75.1) | 16094 (75.9) | 0.021 |
| ≥ 4 h/day | 113708 (27.9) | 26349 (24.9) | 5400 (25.5) | 15842 (24.9) | 5107 (24.1) | |
| Sleep duration | ||||||
| ≥7 & ≤9 h/day | 301120 (73.9) | 79162 (74.7) | 15842 (74.7) | 47402 (74.5) | 15918 (75.1) | 0.008 |
| <7 or >9 h/day | 106333 (26.1) | 26843 (25.3) | 5359 (25.3) | 16201 (25.5) | 5283 (24.9) | |
| Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||||
| ≥ 400 g/day | 326692 (80.2) | 84622 (79.8) | 16978 (80.1) | 50691 (79.7) | 16953 (80.0) | 0.006 |
| <400 g/ day | 80761 (19.8) | 21383 (20.2) | 4223 (19.9) | 12912 (20.3) | 4248 (20.0) | |
| Oily fish intake | ||||||
| ≥1 portion/week | 229373 (56.3) | 56737 (53.5) | 11289 (53.2) | 34032 (53.5) | 11416 (53.8) | 0.008 |
| <1 portion/week | 178080 (43.7) | 49268 (46.5) | 9912 (46.8) | 29571 (46.5) | 9785 (46.2) | |
| Red meat intake | ||||||
| ≤3 portion/week | 187802 (46.1) | 49840 (47.0) | 10131 (47.8) | 29818 (46.9) | 9891 (46.7) | 0.015 |
| >3 portion/week | 219651 (53.9) | 56165 (53.0) | 11070 (52.2) | 33785 (53.1) | 11310 (53.3) | |
| Processed meat intake | ||||||
| ≤1 portion/week | 281938 (69.2) | 72015 (67.9) | 14370 (67.8) | 43224 (68.0) | 14421 (68.0) | 0.003 |
| >1 portion/week | 125515 (30.8) | 33990 (32.1) | 6831 (32.2) | 20379 (32.0) | 6780 (32.0) | |
| Composite healthy lifestyle, No. (%) | ||||||
| Unfavourable | 30746 (7.5) | 7816 (7.4) | 1584 (7.5) | 4696 (7.4) | 1536 (7.2) | 0.013 |
| Moderate | 154864 (38.0) | 40238 (38.0) | 8020 (37.8) | 24278 (38.2) | 7940 (37.5) | |
| Favourable | 221843 (54.4) | 57951 (54.7) | 11597 (54.7) | 34629 (54.4) | 11725 (55.3) | |
BMI body mass index, MIPA moderate intensity physical activity, VIPA vigorous intensity physical activity, SMD standardised mean difference.
aAll eligible participants in UK Biobank included those who survived when this study began (March 1, 2020).
bHigh score indicates higher levels of deprivation.
cEducation category I includes self-reported “None of the above” and “Prefer not to answer”, II includes “CSEs or equivalent” and “O levels/GCSEs or equivalent”, III includes “A levels/AS levels or equivalent”, IV includes “Other professional qualifications e.g.: nursing, teaching”, and V includes “NVQ or HND or HNC or equivalent” and “College or University degree.”