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. 2023 Aug 3;14:4668. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40047-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Six-week-old C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with 1E5 PFU of CHIKV or mock-infected as specified in each panel. Subcutaneous: CHIKV-infected (n = 11) and mock-infected (n = 5). Intravenous: CHIKV-infected (n = 11) and mock-infected (n = 8). Mosquito bite CHIKV-infected (n = 11) and mock-infected (n = 9). b Ratio of E1 viral RNA to nsp4 viral RNA. Dotted line indicates the E1 RNA:nsp4 RNA ratio (R) of 1. Subcutaneous: 2 dpi (n = 4), 5 dpi (n = 8) and 10 dpi (n = 4). Intravenous: 2 dpi (n = 6), 5 dpi (n = 6) and 10 dpi (n = 4). HI-control: 2 dpi (n = 3), 5 dpi (n = 6) and 10 dpi (n = 4). c Representative images from 2 independent experiments showing infected myocardium (scale= 20 μm) and, aortic valve, left atria, and vessels (scale= 30 μm). White arrows: CHIKV-infected cells. d Mice were infected with 1E5 PFU of CHIKV or HI virus intravenously. Left panel: CHIKV RNA levels for top and bottom hearts. Right panel: ratio of viral RNA levels between top and bottom heart sections. For 2 dpi n = 5, for 5 dpi n = 5, for 10 dpi n = 3. Gray box represents background RNA levels quantified for HI control at 5 dpi (n = 1). e Representative fluorescence microscopy images from 3 independent experiments of ventricular sections of CHIKV-infected hearts stained with different cardiac cell type markers. Scale= 15 μm. f Colocalization analysis between CHIKV-infected cells and different cell type markers. Data are represented as the percentage of the total green signal (infected cells) overlapping with the indicated markers. Colocalization analysis was done in 3-4 independent fields for n = 3 mice. g CHIKV multi-cycle growth curves in human primary cardiac cells. n = 2 independent experiments in technical duplicates. Data are represented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM, a, b, d, f, g). p values were calculated using two-tailed Mann-Whitney test (a, b), or Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparison test (d, f). Created with BioRender.com. Source data are provided as a source data file.