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. 2023 Aug 3;14:4668. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40047-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Upper panel: Schematic representation of the experimental design. Bottom panel: CHIKV viral genomes or CHIKV infectious particles from heart tissue homogenates determined by RT-qPCR or TCID₅₀, respectively. CHIKV viral genomes: HI-control (n = 39), 6 hpi (n = 5), 12 hpi (n = 5), 1 dpi (n = 9), 2 dpi (n = 18), 3 dpi (n = 7), 5 dpi (n = 13), 9 dpi (n = 8) and 21 dpi (n = 8). Infectious particles, HI-control (n = 18), 6 hpi (n = 5), 12 hpi (n = 5), 1 dpi (n = 9), 2 dpi (n = 8), 3 dpi (n = 7), 5 dpi (n = 4), and 9 dpi (n = 4). b Serum levels of cardiac troponin-T measured by ELISA: mock-infected (n = 23), 2 dpi (n = 33), and 5 dpi (n = 14). c Quantifications of cleaved CASP3 nuclei versus total nuclei of stained whole ventricular sections (see ”Methods”). n = 3/group. d Plot showing the relative protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines between CHIKV- versus mock-infected heart homogenates at 2 and 5 dpi. Relative expression is represented in log2 fold change (diamond size). Statistical significance is expressed as a color scale (-Log₁₀ adjusted p-value). 2 dpi: HI-control and CHIKV-infected hearts (n = 6/group). 5 dpi: HI-control (n = 4) and CHIKV-infected hearts (n = 5). e Volcano plots from differential expression analysis at 2 dpi (left panel) and 5 dpi (right panel). Red and blue indicate upregulated (FDR < 0.15 and log₂(FC) > 1) and downregulated genes (FDR < 0.15 and log₂(FC) < −1), respectively. Top-10 differentially expressed genes are indicated. n = 4 mice/group. f GSEA pathway enrichment analysis for Hallmark datasets showing top upregulated and downregulated pathways at 2 dpi and 5 dpi. n = 4 mice/group. Boxplots show median and quartile ranges, whiskers represent the range (a, b). Data is represented as mean ± SEM (c). p values were calculated using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparison test (a), and one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison (b, c). Created with BioRender.com. Source data are provided as a source data file.