Table 2.
Blood-based biomarkers in study participants with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive disorder (MCD) diagnosis and correlations with cognitive measures.
| Aβ42/40 | GFAP (pg/ml) | NfL (pg/ml) | pTau-181 (pg/ml) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD (n = 15), mean (SD) & range |
0.055 (009) 0.035–0.071 |
216.3* (107.7) 57.5–433.7 |
24.6 (15.3) 11.2–73.8 |
3.8* (2.6) 1.2–11.7 |
| MCD (n = 12), mean (SD) & range |
0.059 (0.011) 0.031–0.072 |
102.8 (39.8) 30.5–161.3 |
17.3 (7.4) 9.2–28.1 |
1.9 (0.9) 0.6–3.6 |
| r (p-value) with cognitive screening instruments | ||||
| MMSE (n = 26) | 0.020 (0.923) | −0.146 (0.476) | −0.220 (0.280) | −0.247 (0.223) |
| TELE (n = 27) | 0.189 (0.345) | −0.480 (0.011) | −0.587 (0.001) | −0.511 (0.006) |
| r (p-value) with episodic memory tests (immediate and delayed recall measures) | ||||
| CERAD immediate (n = 26) | 0.156 (0.446) | −0.149 (0.468) | −0.327 (0.103) | −0.202 (0.322) |
| CERAD delayed (n = 26) | 0.323 (0.108) | −0.211 (0.300) | −0.190 (0.353) | −0.254 (0.210) |
| cCOG immediate (n = 26) | 0.064 (0.757) | −0.178 (0.383) | −0.259 (0.202) | −0.222 (0.276) |
| cCOG delayed (n = 26) | 0.195 (0.341) | −0.338 (0.091) | −0.177 (0.387) | −0.300 (0.136) |
| TICS-m immediate (n = 27) | 0.051 (0.802) | −0.172 (0.392) | −0.280 (0.158) | −0.394 (0.042) |
| TICS-m delayed (n = 27) | −0.002 (0.994) | −0.091 (0.650) | −0.108 (0.592) | −0.300 (0.129) |
| r (p-value) with processing speed | ||||
| TMT-A (n = 24) | 0.044 (0.837) | 0.281 (0.184) | 0.344 (0.099) | 0.435 (0.034) |
| cCOG TMT-A modified (n = 15) | 0.233 (0.404) | 0.020 (0.945) | 0.118 (0.675) | 0.245 (0.379) |
| r (p-value) with set-shifting (adjusted for processing speed) | ||||
| TMT-B (n = 20) | −0.198 (0.402) | 0.125 (0.600) | 0.095 (0.691) | 0.095 (0.691) |
| cCOG TMT-B modified (n = 11) | −0.118 (0.729) | −0.264 (0.433) | −0.327 (0.326 | −0.018 (0.958) |
| r (p-value) with semantic fluency (SF) | ||||
| SF in-person (n = 26) | 0.031 (0.880) | −0.072 (0.727) | −0.302 (0.134) | −0.088 (0.668) |
| SF telephone (n = 27) | 0.188 (0.348) | −0.171 (0.395) | −0.324 (0.100) | −0.281 (0.156) |
Significant values are in [bold].
AD Alzheimer’s disease, Aβ42/40 amyloid beta 42/40 ratio, cCOG computerized cognitive testing, CERAD Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, MCD mild cognitive impairment, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, NfL neurofilament light chain, pTau-181 phosphorylated-tau181, TELE telephone assessment for dementia, TICS-m, modified telephone interview for cognitive status with three learning trials of the 10-word list, SD standard deviation, TMT-A/B trail making test parts A and B, VF verbal fluency.
*Significantly higher value in AD group in comparison to MCD group. Participants with > 200 in TMT-A (modified) were excluded from the processing speed and set-shifting correlations.