Table 3.
Participant characteristics at wave I
| Class 1: mild | Class 2: moderate | Class 3: severe | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cluster size, n | 859 | 263 | 61 | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 69.71 (3.01) | 69.49 (3.10) | 70.34 (3.58) | 0.1403 |
| Sex | 0.0020** | |||
| Male | 450 (52.39) | 110 (41.83) | 23 (37.70) | |
| Female | 409 (47.61) | 153 (58.17) | 38 (62.30) | |
| Marital status | <0.0001*** | |||
| Married/living with a partner | 584 (67.99) | 139 (52.85) | 39 (63.93) | |
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 146 (17.08) | 111 (42.21) | 17 (27.87) | |
| Never married | 21 (2.44) | 13 (4.94) | 5 (8.20) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.0408* | |||
| White | 655 (76.61) | 179 (68.06) | 43 (70.49) | |
| African American | 146 (17.08) | 67 (25.48) | 13 (21.31) | |
| Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian | 54 (6.32) | 17 (6.46) | 5 (8.20) | |
| Education | 0.0011** | |||
| Less than high school | 181 (21.07) | 70 (26.62) | 26 (42.62) | |
| High school graduate | 221 (25.73) | 66 (25.10) | 18 (29.51) | |
| Some college | 266 (30.97) | 81 (30.80) | 9 (14.75) | |
| College graduate or above | 191 (22.24) | 46 (17.49) | 8 (13.11) | |
| Currently working (yes) | 224 (26.11) | 64 (24.33) | 15 (24.59) | 0.8317 |
| Annual household income | ||||
| $0–24,999 | 201 (33.00) | 82 (44.57) | 27 (64.29) | <0.0001*** |
| $25,000–49,999 | 179 (29.39) | 61 (33.15) | 13 (30.95) | |
| $50,000–$99,999 | 167 (27.42) | 31 (16.85) | 2 (4.76) | |
| $100,000 or higher | 62 (10.18) | 10 (5.43) | 0 (0) | |
| Hypertension (yes) | 506 (58.91) | 164 (62.36) | 42 (68.85) | 0.2212 |
| Diabetes (yes) | 182 (21.29) | 90 (34.22) | 17 (27.87) | <0.0001*** |
| Stroke (yes) | 61 (7.10) | 26 (9.89) | 10 (16.39) | 0.0201* |
| Arthritis (yes) | 442 (51.42) | 153 (58.17) | 31 (50.82) | 0.1524 |
| Thyroid (yes) | 132 (15.37) | 47 (17.87) | 13 (21.31) | 0.3413 |
| Dementia (yes) | 4 (0.47) | 3 (1.14) | 3 (4.92) | 0.0010** |
| Smoking (yes) | 122 (14.22) | 45 (17.11) | 16 (26.23) | 0.0308* |
| Alcohol (yes) | 490 (57.04) | 136 (51.71) | 26 (42.62) | 0.0414* |
| Physical activity | <0.0001*** | |||
| None | 60 (6.99) | 41 (15.59) | 11 (18.03) | |
| Mildly active | 82 (9.56) | 41 (15.59) | 12 (19.67) | |
| Moderately active | 130 (15.15) | 48 (18.25) | 11 (18.03) | |
| Very active | 586 (68.30) | 133 (50.57) | 27 (44.26) | |
| Rested sleep (yes) | 774 (90.21) | 222 (84.41) | 46 (75.41) | 0.0003** |
| Social support | 14.82 (2.21) | 14.05 (2.28) | 13.76 (3.11) | 0.0007** |
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.0001